TextA What Is a Decision ?
I.
决策的目的是制定和实现组织目标。作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有
某种东西防碍目标或目的的实现。作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要。决策者必须具备从多个
可供选择的可能性中确定最佳选择的手段。而多种目标的顺序和重要性也部分地基于决策者的价值
观。今天所作的决策可能会对将来产生深远的影响。因此，有经验的管理者能从当前决策看到将来
的效果。
段落大意：课文分成三部分
第一、二段：决策的定义 The definition of decision
第三、四段：作决策的一般过程 The general process of making a decision
第五至九段：在管理层次上，多种因素影响决策的制定 Various factors influencing decision making
at the managerial level
II.New Words
organizational a. 组织上的
goal n. 目的，目标
objective n./a. 目标，目的/客观的， 真实的
accomplish vt. 完成(任务等)
predict vt./vi. 预言；预示
accompany vt. 伴随，陪同
implement vt. 实现；完成
constraint n. 强制；强制因素
precedent n. 先例，前例
simplify vt. 简化
tendency n. 趋势，倾向
managerial a. 经理的， 管理人的
maker n. 制造者； 制造商
achievement n. 完成，达到
attain vt. 达到；完成
optimal a. 最适宜的，最理想的
suboptimization n. 局部最优化
trade-off n. 权衡；物物交换
argue vt./vi. 争辩，争论
budget n./vt. 预算
scheme n./vt.把 … 编入预算
define vt. 解释，给 …下定义
multiple a./n. 多样的， 复合的/倍数
profitability n. 赚钱，获利
correctness n. 正确，正确性
unintended a. 非计划中的，非故意的
ongoing a. 进行中的，非故意的
entity n. 存在，实体
skilled a. 熟练的； 有技能的
in the way 挡路、碍事
to make a guess at 猜测
and the like 等等，诸如此类
to seek to 追求，争取
in part 部分地， 在某种程度上
point of view 观点
词汇精讲
1.goal n. 目标，进球，球门 ( 同义词： aim ,end , purpose ，objective)
Her goal is a place at university . 她的目标是在大学任教。
2.objective : n./a. 目的；目标(尤指较长远的目标)；宗旨/客观的， 如实的
派生词： object n. 物体
反义词： subjective n./a. 主语；主观事物； / 主观的，
用法： Her objective is to get a college education. 她的目标是接受大学教育。
If you don't work hard, you'll never achieve your objectives.
假如你不努力工作，你将永远达不到目的。 Achieve 表示较难达到的目标。
It is an objective report. 这是一篇如实的报道。
3.accomplish v. 完成(任务)等
The students accomplished the task in less than ten minutes .
学生们在不到 10 分钟内完成了任务。
4.predict : v 预言，预示, 预告
同义词： forecast v. 预测，预报
It's hard to predict when it will happen . 很难预见这件事何时发生。
5.accompany : v. 伴随，陪同
The lonely old man is accompanied by his dog. 这位孤独的老人让他的狗做伴。
All orders must be accompanied with cash. 所有的订货单必须随付现金。
派生词： company n. 公司; v. 陪伴
6.implement v. 实现，实施，履行(诺言)等
The committee's suggestions will be implemented immediately.
委员会的意见将立即贯彻执行。
The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year。
对全国医疗体系的改革将在明年进行。
7.constraint n. 限制, 约束
They told the truth but only under constraint. Constraint on the rules of grammer
他们说了实话但是有所保留(是被迫的) 。 语法规则的限制(约束)
8.tendency : n. 趋势，倾向
There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices.
人们在家里而不是在办公室里工作的趋势日益增长。
派生词： tend v. 趋向，倾向 用法： tend to do sth.
He tends to get angry when people disagree with him .
(
当人们不同意他的意见时，他很容易生气。
9.achievement n. 完成，成就，
An Olympic silver medal is a remarkable achievement for one so young .
对一个如此年轻的人来说，获得奥运会银牌是个了不起的成就。
派生词： achieve v. 完成，做到，达到(目的)，实现， 获得
He will never achieve his objectives if he doesn't work hard .
如果他不努力，将会永远达不到目的。
10.attain : v. 达到；获得 (长期努力后而获得) 同义词： obtain, get
用法： She has made up her mind to attain her goal in life. 她下定决心要达到生活中的目标。
The apple tree has attained to a great height. 苹果树已长得很高了。
11.optimal adj 最佳的
The sailors are waiting for optimal weather conditions before taking off .船员们正在等待出航的最佳
天气条件。
12.argue : vt./vi. 争辩，争论，辩论
用法：
作不及物动词用时，后边可以接 with, about 或 over(就 …争论) ，for (赞成)或 against (反对)
She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues. 她总喜欢为极小的问题进行争论。
He often argues philosophy with James. 他常和詹姆斯讨论哲学。
He argued for immediate action . 他主张立即行动。
They argued against such a policy. 他们反对这种政策。
作及物动词时，表示”说服、用辩论证明“的意思
I argued him out going on such a dangerous journey. 我说服他不做这样危险的旅行。
He argued that man was descended from apes. 他论证人类的祖先是猿。
13.scheme n 计划 方案
He has got a crazy scheme for getting rich before he is 20 .
他制定了一个在 20 岁之前发财的疯狂计划。
14.multiple adj 多样的 复合的
What the person does next is the result of the multiple influences to which they have been exposed .
一个人下一步会做什么是他受到的多种影响的结果。
15.ongoing adj 进行中的，前进的
No agreement has yet been reached and the negotiations one still ongoing .
目前还没有达成任何协议，谈判仍在进行。
16.entity n 存在 实体
He regarded the north of the country as a separate cultural entity .
他把这个国家的北方看成一个单独的文化实体。
17.skilled adj 熟练的,有技能的
My mother is very skilled at /in dress-making .
我母亲非常擅长做衣服。
Phrases and Expressions
1.(stand, get, be ) in the way 碍事 ,挡道的； 妨碍人的
If you are not going to help, at least don't get in the way! 如果你不愿帮忙，至少别妨碍人家。
The chair is in the way, please move it away. 这把椅子挡着路，请把它移开。
相关短语：
in a way 在某种程度上；在某些方面； 从某一点上看
in no way 决不；一点也不；
in the way of 按照； 就 … . 而言
by way of 取道，经由
by the way 顺便问一下
2.to make a guess at 猜测
You might have been able to make a guess at who she was. 你本来能够猜到她是谁。
Can you make a guess at the price ? 你猜得出价钱吗？
3.to seek to (inf) 寻求,争取
Power stations are seeking to reduce their use of oil .
发电站正在设法减少石油的使用
4.in part : 部分地； 有些部分；在某种程度上
This was in part due to financial difficulties. 部分是由于财政困难。
The responsibility was in part because of me. 部分责任在我。
5.point of view 视点，视角
The book looks at college life from a student's point of view.
这本书从一个学生的视角来看大学生活。
6.to vary from …to … 从 … 到 …不同，因 … 而异
Salary scales vary from state to state.
工资级别因州而异。
7.contribute … to 把 … 贡献给 … .
We'll contribute ourselves to this career after we graduate . 我们毕业后将为此事业作贡献。
contribute to 导致
Smoking is the main factor contributing to lung cancer. 吸烟是导致肺癌的主要因素。
8.be beneficial to 对 … 有利
Jogging is beneficial to our health. 慢跑有利于我们的健康。
Reciting passages is beneficial to improving oral English.
朗读(背诵)短文段落对提高英语口语有利。
III.课文精讲
第一部分
Para. 1
A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose
of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making
a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of
accomplishing them.
1.made from among alternative courses of action 是过去分词短语作定语
courses of action 行动方针
that are available 是定语从句，修饰概念短语”行动方针“
2.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or
something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.
此句是由 that 引导的表语从句，表语从句由 a problem exist; goals of objectives are wrong;
及 something is standing in the way of accomplishing them 三个并列句构成。
The reason for … is that 是一个常用的句子。例： The reason for canceling the travel is that
they lack ofmoney. 取消旅行的原因是他们手头缺钱。
(
The reason why … 是 另外 一个 常 用 的句 子。 例 ： There are 3 reasons why they are unwilling to
discuss insurance .他们不愿意谈论保险的原因有三个。
Para.2
Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management . Almost everything a manager does
involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although
managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events.
Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to
chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions . Sometimes the consequences of a
poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious .
3.a manager does 是省略 that 的定语从句，修饰先行词 everything
当先行词为 everything, something, anything, nothing 等不定代词时定语从句引导词不可用 which,
此句的后半部分 some suggest that ... 是宾语从句 suggest v. 认为， 提出，建议(其后的宾语从句多
用于虚拟语气)
4.although conj. ”虽然，尽管“引导让步状语从句
例如： Although my car is very old,it still runs very well .
虽然我的汽车很旧，但是仍然跑得很好。
require vt. 要求，需要 后边由 that 引导一个宾语从句
5 . Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as
possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions.
make a best guess at 作出最佳猜测，at 表示动作或行为的方向和目标，如：look at (看) ，aim at
(瞄准，目的是)，throw (a stone) at (向 …掷石头) ，shoot at (射击) ，laugh at (嘲笑)
本句中 what the future will be 是一个介词宾语从句，(作介词 at 的宾语)；
to leave sth. to chance ”凭运气， 听任命运的安排，听其自然发展“
”as + 形容词(或副词) + as possible“意思是”尽可能地 … ; 尽量“。
as little as possible 尽可能少
I tried to be as friendly as possible. 我尽量地表示友好。
Come as quickly as possible. 尽快来。
since uncertainty is always there 是一个原因状语从句。
risk accompanies decisions .风险伴随着决策
6.sometimes … at other times 有时 … ，而有时则 …
a poor decision 一个不良决策
第二部分
Para.3
Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be
made. Decision making is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice. For
example, a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the
decision to obtain a college degree. For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies,
procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.
7.”选择“三个词的区别：
alternative adj.两者或多于两者选一个，供选择的,n.替代物
choice 选自己喜欢的，挑出， 选出
select 选出最好的，筛选、精选
8.由 if 引导的条件状语从句， 主句中的不定式被动态 to be made 作定语, 修饰 decision
9.range n. 范围 a broad range of choice 一个很广的选择范围
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10.For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and
the like.
本句中 based on 是一个过去分词作定语修饰 constraints .
be based on 表示"建立在 …基础上
例： The book is based on a true story. 这本书是以一个真实的故事为依据的。
He was the first to draw a map that was based on all available knowledge, rather than guess or
imagination. 他第一个画出以当时所有的知识为基础的地图，而不是基于猜测和想象。
and the like 意思是“等等 (之类的东西) ”。
例： He studied painting, music, English and the like. 他学习了绘画、音乐、英语等等。
11.at all levels “在各个层次”
Para.4
Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made. If there are no
alternatives, there is no choice and, therefore, no decision. If no alternatives are seen, often it means that a
thorough job of examining the problems has not been done. For example, managers sometimes treat
problems in an either/or fashion; this is their way of simplifying complex problems . But the tendency to
simplify blinds them to other alternatives .
12.from which 引导定语从句，修饰 courses of action 行动方针
13.a thorough job of examining 一个彻底的考察工作
a thorough job 是主语， of examining the problems 修饰 job ，has not been done 是句子的谓语。
thorough a. 彻底的
through prep. 通过，穿过
though conj. 虽然，尽管 ( 同 although )
thought n. 思想
14.For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion :
either /or 意思是“非此即彼；二者择一”。
例:We fight, or we don't -- it's an either/or decision.
我们战斗或不战斗-这是二者择一的决定。
第三部分
Para.5
At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them,
and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.
15.At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them,
and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.
在 as well as 结构中， 强调前者 limiting alternatives ，不强调后者
译为： 作决策包括限定选择和识别选择， 或者译成： 不仅包括识别选择还要包括限定选择(除
了包括识别选择外还有限定选择)
practically ad. 实际上， 事实上(在口语中译为，几乎，简直)在本文中是几乎的意思。例如：
几乎是不可能 practically impossible
Para.6
Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is,
which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. An organizational goal is an end or a
state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. Because individuals ( and organizations) frequently have
different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.
Frequently, departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually
(
but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. Called suboptimization, this is a trade- off that
increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function.
For example, the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget. In the
larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more
beneficial to the organization.
16.An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.
一个省略 that 或 which 的定语从句，修饰 a state of affairs "事物的状态，事态"
to seek to do sth. 追求，争取，寻求，设法(去做某事)
17.Because individuals frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice
may depend on who makes the decision.
本句中，because 引导了原因状语从句；在主句中，who makes the decision 是作 depend on 的介
词宾语从句。
18.Frequently, departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them
individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization.
两个 that 引导的都是定语从句， 修饰 decisions
less than 在此做状语，表示否定的含义, less than optimal "不太理想"
例如： This job is less than perfect. 这份工作不十分理想(完美)。
19.this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages
to another unit or function.
that 引导定语从句，修饰 trade-off "权衡"
increases 和 decreases 是定语从句的并列谓语
Para.7
These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain
simultaneously. Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of
importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. Different managers
define the same problem in differentterms . When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to
see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on.
20.These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain
simultaneously.
Because 引导的原因状语从句中,有一个 that 引导的定语从句，修饰 many objectives
21.Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance
often vary form person to person and from department to department.
vary from … to … 表示各不相同的意思。
例:The percentage varies from person to person. (税收的) 比例因人而异。
22.When presented with a common case
presented with 面对
过去分词短语前面加上 when 作时间状语。
为了表示明确的时间或条件，有时常在分词前面加上when, while, even if , even though , unless 等
连词作时间、条件、让步等状语。 (详见语法要点)
Para.8
The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based, in part, on the values of the decision
maker. Such values are personal; they are hard to understand, even by the individual, because they are so
dynamic and complex. In many business situations different people' s values about acceptable degrees of
risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.
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23.The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based, in part, on the values of the
decision maker.
be based on 基于，取决于
in part 部分地， 在某种程度上
对于多项目标的排序和重要性，部分地基于决策者的价值观。
24.different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement
about the correctness of decisions.
两个 about 都是介词短语作定语,修饰前边的名词
不同人关于风险和收益可接受程度的价值观，导致了对于决策正确性的不同意见。
Para.9
People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. But from a systems point of view,
problems have multiple causes, and decisions have intended and unintended consequences. An organization
is an ongoing entity, and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future. Thus the skilled
manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.
25.People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon
assume vt. 认为，假定，设想 that 引导宾语从句
26.An organization is an ongoing entity, and a decision made today may have consequences far into
the future.
an ongoing entity "一个发展中的实体，一个运作中的单位"
made today 过去分词短语作定语， "今天作出的决策"
far into the future 形容词短语作定语， "对将来有深远的影响"
27.Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions .
the skilled manager "一个干练的管理者，一个有经验的管理者"
current a. 当前的， 现时的 n. 流，水流，电流，气流
一个干练的管理者可以从当今决策看到未来的结果。
附：重点句
1.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or
something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. 三个表语从句并列 (第一段)
2 .Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as
possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions. 主从复合句(第二
段)
3 . For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and
the like. (第三段)
4.For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion; (第四段)
5.Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals,
the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. 主从复合句(第六段)
6.Frequently, departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them
individually but that are less than optimal for the larger orgnization. (第六段)
7 . Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance
often vary from person to person and from department to department. (第七段)
8.When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production
managers see production problems, and so on. (第七段)
(
Text B Secrets of Success at an Interview
I.New Words
title 分析： Secrets：秘密 success n. 成功 succeed v.
interview vt./n. 面谈，采访；面试，口试
criticism n. 批评；评论
candidate n. 候选人， 候补者；应试者
vague a. 含糊的； 不明确的
notion n. 概念；想法，看法
prospect n. 展望，景象；前景，前程
community n. 社区；共同体
unattractive a. 无吸引力的；不引人注意的
indifference n. 冷漠；不感兴趣
interviewer n. 接见者； 面谈者
personality n. 个性；人格；品格
prospective a. 预期的； 未来的
speechless a. 不会说话的；不说话的
clarification n. 澄清，阐明
correspondence n. 符合，一致；通信
photocopy vt./n. 复印，影印；照相复制本
resume n. 摘要，梗概；个人简历
inefficiency n. 无效；效能差
neat a. 整洁的； 简洁的；整齐的
conservative a. 保存的， 防腐的；保守的，守旧的
punk n. (俚)阿飞；朋克(70 年代以来英国、美国的年轻人中的颓废派)
a.颓废派的
miniskirt n. 超短裙
panel n. 专门小组
intimidate vt. 恐吓，恫吓
clutch vt./vi. 抓住，握紧
grip vt./n. 紧握，紧夹；掌握，控制
painful a. 痛苦的； 费力的
rephrase vt. 重新措辞，改用别的话表示
词组：
to apply for 申请
day to day (=day-to-day) work 日常工作
to take the trouble to 不辞劳苦，费力
to put oneself in somebody's place 设身处地
to one's advantage 对某人有利
to ask for 请求，向 …要；寻找
(
in hand 手头上有
to make sure 查明，弄确实；确信
at a disadvantage 处于不利地位
to turn down 拒绝；调小或调低；翻下
重点词汇词组讲解：
1.interview : vt./n. 面谈，采访
派生词: interviewer(采访者) , interviewee (被采访者) , view (观点、见解) /风景) , interview
(面试/采访) , preview (预习) , review (复习)
2.Criticism : n. 批评；评论
派生词： Criticize v. 批评； critical a. 挑剔的； 批评的；关键的
3.prospect n. 展望，景象，前景
There's not much prospect that the war will be over soon. 这场战争很快结束的可能性不大。
4.indifference : n.冷漠，不感兴趣
派生词： indifferent a. 冷漠的； 不感兴趣的.
用法： indifference to 对 … . 冷漠
5.inefficiency : n. 无效，效能差
派生词： efficient a. 有效率的；efficiency n. 效率
6.neat a. 整洁的， 简洁的，整齐的
You have got such neat handwriting . 你的书写真工整。
7.conservative a. 保存的， 保守的，防腐的
I tend to be rather conservative in such matters . 我在这些事情方面向来比较保守。
8.grip v. 紧握，紧夹，掌握，控制
grip She gripped my hand in fear. 她因害怕紧抓住我的手。
相关的同义词：
seize He seized my hand , shook it . 他抓住我的手，握着。(握手)
grab He grabbed the money and ran off . 他(急速)抓过钱就跑了。(逃之夭夭)
grasp Grasp the rope with both hands. 用双手抓牢绳索。
hold He was holding a knife in one hand. 他一只手抓着(握着) 一把刀子.
catch The child caught a bird . 孩子捉了只鸟。
arrest The police arrested a criminal . 警察抓了个罪犯。
9.to apply for 申请
I decided to apply for it . 我决定去申请。
10.take the trouble to : 不辞劳苦，
用法： take the trouble to
Some employees have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks they will be required to do.
有些雇员从来不下工夫去弄清楚要求他们去从事的实际任务。
11.to turn down : 拒绝
He asked Jane to marry him but she turned him down . 他要简嫁给他，但她拒绝了他。
相关词组：
turn up 出现； turn on 打开； turn off 拐弯，关上； turn out 结果是， 最后证明是， 制造；
II.课文解析
注：课文中【】内的句子为重点句。
The subject of today's talk is interviews .
(
【The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far. 】
重点句子分析： which 引导非限定性定语从句， 修饰 preparation and confidence. 注意此处不可
用 that 代替 which
carry you far 意为“祝你成功”
Do your homework first.
【Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the organization you hope to work for. 】
重点句子分析：此句中有三个定语从句，(下边画线的) 分别修饰 all, the job 和 the organization .
注意后两句中的 for 不能省略
Many of the employers I interviewed made the same criticism of candidates . "They hare no idea what
the day to day work of the job brings about. They have vague notions of 'furthering the company's
prospects' or o f 'serving the community', but have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks they
will be required to do."
Do not let this be said ofyou. It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job.
Take the time to put yourself into the interviewer's place. He wants somebody who is hard-working
with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job.
【Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the
interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work
for. 】
重点句子分析： that 引导的定语从句修饰 anything
who 引导的定语从句修饰 people。也可以写作 for whom you hope to work
译为"你希望为其工作的人
to show 是不定式作目的状语， 其中有一个 that 引导的宾语从句，作动词 show 的宾语
Write down ( and remember) the questions you want to ask the interviewer( s) so that you are not
speechless when they invite your questions . Make sure that holidays and pay are not the first things you ask
about. If all your questions have been answered during the interview, reply: " In fact, I did have several
questions, but you have already answered them all ."
【Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interview if you
want to be sure what was implied. but do be polite. 】
重点句子分析： be sure 肯定，确信
do be polite 是强调语气。例如： Do be careful!
Just before you go to the interview, look again at the original advertisement that you answered, any
correspondence from your prospective employer, photocopies of your letter of application or application
form and your resume.
Then you will remember what you said and what they want. This is very important if you have applied
for many jobs in a short time as it is easy to become confused and give an impression of inefficiency.
Make sure you know where and when you have to report for the interview. Go to the building (but not
inside the office) a day or two before, if necessary, to find out how long the journey takes and where
exactly the place is.
Aim to arrive five or ten minutes early for the actual interview, then you will have a little time in hand
and you will not panic of you are delayed. You start at a disadvantage if you arrive worried and ten minutes
late.
【Dress in clean, neat, conservative clothes. Now is NOT the time to experiment with the punk look or
( girl) to wear low-cut dresses with miniskirts . 】Make sure that your shoes, hands and hair (and teeth) are
clean and neat.
(
重点句子分析： Now 在句中做主语
the punk look 意为"朋克的样子"
【 Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in
communication. 】
重点句子分析：这是个祈使句， inviting you for an interview 是现在分词作定语，修饰 the letter
in case 引导条件状语从句, 译为： “以防万一，以免”
You may find yourself facing one interviewer or a panel. The latter is far more intimidating, but do not
let it worry you too much.
The interviewer will probably have a table in front of him/her. Do not put your things or arms on it.
If you have a bag or a case, put it on the floor beside your chair. Do not clutch it nervously or, worse
still, drop it, spilling everything.
Shake hands if the interviewer offers his hand first. There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants
to go though the process of all shaking hands with you in turn. So you do not be upset if no one offers.
Shake hands firmly － a weak hand suggests a weak personality, and a crushing grip is obviously
painful. Do not drop the hand as soon as yours has touched it as this will seem to show you do not like the
other person.
Speak politely and naturally even if you are feeling shy. Think before you answer any questions .
If you cannot understand ask: " Would you mind rephrasing the question, please?" The question will
then be repeated in different words .
If you are not definitely accepted or turned down on the spot, ask: " when may I expect to hear the
results of this interview?"
If you do receive a letter offering you the job, you must reply by letter (keep a photocopy) as soon as
possible.
Good luck !
As
I.语 法
1.AS 的用法
(1)用作介词时的基本词义， “作为，担任” ，“像，似”。
介词短语在句子中可担任的成分：状语、定语、宾语补语和表语
(2)用作副词表示程度， as … as … 结构中
(3)用作连词，引导状语从句(比较、让步、时间、原因和方式状语从句)
(4)用作关系代词，引导定语从句，
(5) As 用于常用习语中
2.过去分词、现在分词、不定式作定语的区别
分词作定语：
过去分词作定语，修饰名词、代词， 表示被动、已经完成。
现在分词作定语，修饰名词、代词， 表示主动、正在进行。
单个分词一般置于所修饰的词之前， 但也有例外。
例如 an extended family 一个扩展了的家庭 / a singing girl 一个唱歌的女孩
(
a developed country 发达国家 / a developing country 发展中国家
the people concerned 有关人员
分词短语一般放在所修饰的词之后， 例如：
A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action。
Have the letter inviting you for an interview …
现在分词的被动式和过去分词都表示被动，区别在于前者表示修饰的词正在承受的行为，而后
者表示修饰的词已承受过了的行为。
例如： The problem being discussed is important. 正在讨论的这个问题很重要。
The problem discussed yesterday was important. 昨天讨论的那个问题很重要。
现在分词的完成主动式，表示动作已经完成。 having done
现在分词的完成被动式，表示动作已经被完成。 the decision having been made
不定式作定语
不定式作定语应当放在所修饰的中心词之后。例如：We have plenty of work to do.
一般来讲，不定式作定语时， 表示动作将要发生。另外，还要注意的是不定式有三种时态，也
有被动态。
3.分词短语作时间、条件、让步状语
为了表示明确的时间或条件，有时常在分词前面加上 when, while, even if, even though, unless 等
连词作时间、条件、让步等状语。
例如：
When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers
see production problems, and so on.
当面对同一件事例时， 销售经理易于看到销售问题，生产部经理看到生产问题，等等。
Facts are terrible things if left spreading and unexamined.
如果听任事实泛滥不加检测，那是可怕的事。
Don't leave the building unless instructed to do so.
除非接到通知，不要离开这幢大楼。
II.练 习
1.单词英译汉
goal, objective, accomplish, predict, accompany, implement, tendency, achievement, argue, budget,
define, entity,
2.词组英译汉
in the way, in part, point of view, contribute to, to apply for, in hand, to turn down
3.句子英译汉
(1) A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.
(2) Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as
possible to chance.
(3) If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made.
(4) For managers every decision has constraints based on politics, procedures, laws, precedents and
the like.
(5) For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion.
(6)Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is,
which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.
(7) In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products
(
might be more beneficial to the organization.
(8) Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance
often vary from person to person and from department to department.
4.Text A 汉译英
决策者应该能够对将来作出最好的推测。
Decision makers should be able to make a best guess at what the future will be.
有人认为经理们所作的一切均与决策有关。
Some people believe almost everything a manager does involves decision.
没有正确的选择就没有正确的决定。
If there is no proper choice, there is no proper decision.
不同的人对同样的问题有不同的看法，所以解决的办法也不同。
Different people have different ideas about the same problem; their solutions to the problem are,
therefore, also different.
决策者往往是公司业务发展的关键。
Decision makers often play the key role in the development of the business of a company.
Decision makers are usually key people who determine the company's business development.
历年考题
1.Almost everything a manager does______(involve) decisions. Indeed, some suggest that the
management process is decision making. (99.4)
答案是 involves. 考点: involve 为谓语动词， 应该用一般现在时。 a manager does 为省略了引导
词 that 的定语从句修饰先行词 everything.
2.If there is no choice, there is no decision______(make). (99.4)
答案是 to be made 。考点： to be made 是动词不定式作定语修饰 decision.
3.Almost everything a manager does______decisions; indeed, some suggest that the management
process is decision making. (00.4)
A. imposes
B. improvise
C. involves
D. indicates
答案为 C.
4.I have no idea what's standing______accomplishing our goals and objectives.
( 03. 10)
A ．in the way of
B ．by way of
C ．on the way of
D. in one's way of
答案为 A
5.For managers, every decision has constraints_____(base) on policies, procedures, laws. (03.04)
(04. 10)
答案为 based, 考点：过去分词短语作后置定语
6.When _____(present) with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems and
production managers see production problems .(02. 10)
答案为 presented. 考点： present 是过去分词短语作时间状语。
7.An organization is a group of people, and a decision______(make) today may have consequences far
(
into the future. (02. 10)
答案是 made. 考点： make 是过去分词作定语，修饰 decision.
8.汉译英： 通常管理者必须对未来的情况作出最佳的预测。
答案： Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be.
TextA Black Holes
课文简介
本文主要介绍了黑洞的概念，黑洞是怎样产生的， 以及有关黑洞的一些研究。
对于黑洞的研究才刚刚起步，因此黑洞对于我们来说还很神秘， 需要我们的不断探索。
什么是黑洞？ What is a black hole ?
宇宙中有一些点， 它们的体积趋向于零而密度变得无穷大。由于具有强大的吸引力，物体只要
进入离这些点一定距离内，就会被这强大的吸引力吸收掉，连光线也不例外。因此，没有任何信号
能从这个范围内传出，这个范围的边界被称为"视界"(event horizon) 。视界里面的情况人类无法看到，
所以科学家称之为"黑洞"。
一颗燃烧尽了的恒星由于自身的重力而不断塌陷，最后就会形成黑洞。尽管关于黑洞的理论是
正确的， 但是科学家一直在寻找黑洞存在的证据。
课文分为三部分：
Paragraph 1 What is a black hole ?
Paragraph 2 - paragraph 4 The theory of black holes
Paragraph 5 Speculations about black holes are endless .
New Words
1 astronomer n.天文学家
2 escape vi./vt.逃跑；避免
3 exert vt.尽(力)；发挥(威力 等)
4 explode vt./vi.使爆炸； 爆炸
5 density n.密集度， 稠密度
6 collapse vt./vi./n.倒塌，崩溃
7 supernova n.超新星
8 daytime n. 白天，日间
9 dwarf n.矮子
10 neutron n. 中子
11 shrink vt./vi./n.收缩，缩小/退缩，畏缩
12 gravity n.严肃，认真；严重性
13 marble n./a.弹子，大理石
14 boundary n.分界线， 边界
15 observer n.遵守者， 奉行者
16 interchangeable a.可交换的，可互换的
17 constant a./n.永恒的， 经久不变的
18 measurement n.衡量，测量
19 implication n.含意，暗示
(
20 basis n.基础，根据
21 launch vt./n.发射，投射；发动，发起(运动)
22 galaxy n.星系，银河系
23 observatory n.天文台； 了望台
24 convincing a.有说服力的，使人信服的
25 binary a./n. 二，双， 复
26 twin a./n.双胞胎的，双胞胎
27 companion n. 同伴，同事
28 speculation n.推测，猜测
29 swallow vt.吞咽
30 mankind n.人类
31 operate vi./vt.运转，起作用；动手术
词组
1 to research into 研究
2 speculation about 关于…猜测
3 to swallow up 吞没，耗尽
4 to make use of 利用
To reduce to 归纳，简化，迫使
To apply to 适用于， 应用
词汇精讲：
1 escape v.逃跑，避免
A lion has escaped from its cage .
一头狮子从笼子里跑出来了
2 exert: vt.用尽；尽力；运用；行使；施加，产生(影响等)
用法： exert pressure on sb. 给…施加压力
She exerted herself all year to earn good marks .她整年努力以期获得好分数。
He's been exerting a lot of pressure on me to change my mind. 他一直在施加种种压力要我改变主
意。
Black holes exert very strong gravity.黑洞产生很强的引力。
3 explode v.爆炸，突发
xplosion n.
explosive a.
A bomb exploded at one of London's busiest railway station this morning.
今天上午一颗炸弹在伦敦最繁忙的火车站爆炸了。
4 collapse v.n.倒塌, 崩溃
例句 参考教材第 34-35 页的 word Study 2
5 shrink: (shrank, shrunk ) v.退缩；畏缩； n. 收缩；缩小
用法： The gross national product shrank one percent last year.去年国民生产总值减少了 1%。
Washing wool in hot water will shrink it .在热水中洗羊毛会使它缩水。
We will never shrink back before difficulties .我们在困难面前决不退缩。
6 boundary n.分界线， 边界
We crossed the state boundary at midnight .
我们在午夜穿过了州界。
7 constant adj.不断的， 经常的；永恒的，始终如一 n..常数
(
He is in constant trouble with the police.他总是不断和警察惹麻烦。
There are no constants at all.根本没有不变的事物。
对比同义词：
continual 时断时续的 It continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity
continuous 连续不间断的 The brain needs a continuous supply of blood.
大脑需要不断的供血。
constant 强调不变，永恒
8 implication: n.牵连；涉及；卷入；含意；暗示
派生词： imply v. 暗示，含意
用法： She seemed by implication to acknowledge that fact.她似乎含蓄地承认了那事实。
The implication ofyour statement is that I was wrong. 你这话的弦外之音是我错了。
9 launch: v.发射，发动 n.发射
The launch of the third man-made satellite turned to be a great success .第三枚航天器的发射结果是
巨大成功。
In the 1980's our country launched a number of satellites.80 年代我国发射了多颗卫星。
10 convincing : a.令人信服的；有说服力的；
派生词： convince v.使人信服，使… 相信
用法： She is very convincing .她很另人信服。
Convince sb.of sth.使某人确信某事； convince sb.that 从句
We failed to convince him of his mistakes.我们没能使他相信他是错误的。
Careful observation convinced them that it was so. 仔细的观察使他们相信情况是这样的。
11 companion : n. 同伴，同行，伴侣，同事
派生词： company n. 同伴，陪伴 ； accompany v. 陪同，陪伴
用法： He is a good companion on the journey.他是个好旅伴。
表示"同事"的词： associate, colleague, fellow official, fellowworker, co-worker
12 operate : v.操作，运行，起作用； 动手术
派生词： operation n.操作
用法： The machine isn't operating properly.机器运转不正常。
He operated on the eyes of the patient.他给病人的眼睛动了手术。
Has the medicine started to operate ? 药物开始见效了吗？
词组： phrases
1.to research into 研究
She is researching into possible cures for AIDS.
她正在研究治疗艾滋病的方法。
2 speculation about : 关于… 的猜测
We heard all kinds of speculation about the cause of the President's death. 我们听到关于总统死亡原
因的种种猜测。
People have much speculation about the government's intentions.对政府的意图，人们作了许多猜测。
3 to swallow up : 吞没；并吞
His wife's clothes bill swallowed up his wages .老婆买的衣服耗尽了他的工资。
The fog swallowed up the whole city.雾笼罩全城。
She swallowed the medicine with the help of some water.她用水把药咽下了。
His figure was swallowed up in the dark.他的身影消失在黑暗中。
(
4 to make use of ：利用= to take advantage of
We should make good use of our leisure time.我们应该好好利用休闲时间。
He was making full use of his opportunity.他正充分利用他的机会。
to reduce … to 简化，归纳，迫使
Months' bombing reduced the city to ruins .
几个月的轰炸使这个城市变成了废墟
5 to apply to 适用于
It does not apply to you.它不适用于你。
课文详解
Black Hole
What is a black hole? Well, it's difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally
use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here. Astronomers and scientists think that a black
hole is a region of space (not a thing ) into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape - not
even light. So we can' t see a black hole. A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no
matter.It is only space - or so we think.How can this happen?
第一部分
Para. 1
1 since 引 导 的 是 原 因 状 语 从句 ， 定 语 从句 we would normally use to describe a scientific
phenomenon 修饰先行词 the terms "术语"
inadequate = not enough
2 句中 " into which" 以及后面的 " from which" 两个都是引导的定语从句， 修饰先行词 a
region of space "空间区域"。如果 which 在定语从句中作介词的宾语，那么这个介词可以提到从句前，
构成"介词+which"引导的定语从句。这里注意两个搭配 fall into ; escape from
3 A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only space - or so we
think.
a strong gravitational pull 一个很强的引力 = gravity
yet = but 但是
so we think.是倒装句，"我们认为如此" ( we think so )
The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point; they collapse
and sometimes a supernova occurs .From earth, a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky which
shines even in the daytime.Supernova were reported by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries .Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.The collapse of a star
may produce a White Dwarf or a neutron star - a star, whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks
by the force of its own gravity.But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun) this process of
shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results .Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but
still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black
hole.Any matter near the black hole is sucked in.It is impossible to say what happens inside a black
hole. Scientists have called the boundary area around the hole the "event horizon." We know nothing about
events which happen once objects pass this boundary. But in theory, matter must behave very differently
inside the hole.
第二部分
Para .2
4 The theory … a supernova occurs . 此 句 是 复合 句 ： that some stars explode when their density
increases to a particular point 是表语从句； when their density increases to a particular point 是时间状
(
语。
注意 to a particular point 是固定搭配表示"达到某一点"
此句讲了超新星 supernova 产生的步骤，注意有四个不及物动词vi. 的用法
explode increase collapse occur
From earth, a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky which shines even in the daytime.
which 引导定语从句，修饰 light
6.Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.
有人认为圣诞星可能是一颗超新星。 could have+ 过去分词 表示对以前发生的行为或动作的推
测。
I could have told you about it, but I don't remember it now.我可能给你说过这件事， 但我现在记不
得了。
7.The collapse of a star…a star, whose matter is…gravity.
whose 引导非限定性定语从句，修饰 star 。 注意 so … that 的用法
8.Imagine the earth…a black hole.
该句的主要结构是"imagine… , and you …"而"reduced … to marble "和"having … pull"分别为
过去分词和现在分词短语作定语，修饰 the earth.
mass 质量
have some idea 略知一二
For example, if a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very
quickly. However an observer at the event horizon would think that the man never reached the center at all.
Our space and time laws don' t seem to apply to objects in the area of a black hole. Einstein' s relativity
theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena. Einstein claimed that matter and energy are
interchangeable, so that there is no "absolute" time and space. There are no constants at all, and
measurements of time and space depend on the position of the observer. They are relative. We do not yet
fully understand the implications of the relativity theory; but it is interesting that Einstein's theory provided
a basis for the idea of black holes before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence. It is
only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. In August 1 9 7 7 , a satellite
was launched to gather data about the 10 million black holes which are thought to be in the Milky Way.
And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars believed to be
black holes.
Para. 3
9.For example, …very quickly
本句是表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。主句谓语动词用 would think , if 引导的条件状语从句谓
语动词用过去时 fell 。
10.Our space and time laws don't seem to apply to objects in the area of a black hole.
我们的时空法则似乎不适用于黑洞区内的物体。(介词短语作定语)
11.We do not yet…relativity theory; but it is…for their existence.
yet: still
此句中的 it 为形式主语，实际主语为that 引导的主语从句
before 引导时间状语从句
12.It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.
此句是强调句，强调状语 only recently. 强调结构为 It is + 被强调部分 + that …
13.a satellite was launched to gather data about the 10 million black holes which are thought to be in
the Milky Way. (about 引导的介词短语作定语修饰 data)
(
which 引导定语从句修饰 holes
data 的单数为 datum
14.Exploding 和 believed to be black holes 均为分词作定语，修饰 stars
The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems. Binary
stars, as their name suggests, are twin stars whose position in space affects each other. In some binary
systems, astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star, a "partner" to the one which we
can see in the sky. Matter from the one which we can see is being pulled towards the companion star. Could
this invisible star, which exerts such a great force, be a black hole? Astronomers have evidence of a few
other stars too, which might have black holes as companions.
Para.4
15.The most…affects each other.
as 的用法， 引导非限定性定语从句。修饰 Binary stars "双星系"
whose 引导定语从句修饰 twin stars
16.下面的几句话中的which 用作定语从句的引导词，可用于限制性定语从句，也可用于引导非
限制性定语从句。 that 则不可用于引导非限制性定语从句。
The story of black holes is just beginning. Speculations about them are endless. There might be a
massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate. Mankind may one
day meet this fate. On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one
day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. These speculations sound like science fiction. But
the theory of black holes in space is accepted by many serious scientists and astronomers. They show us a
world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience
of space and time.
第三部分
Para.5
17 There might be…a very rapid rate.
swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate 是现在分词短语作定语，修饰 hole
at the center of our galaxy 是状语
story 比较真实的故事
fiction 不太真实的故事同义词：novel
18 They show us …space and time.
此句中 which 引导限定性定语从句修饰 world
注意介词 in 和 from 的用法， 它们各自的搭配为 in a way 和 different…from
译为：他们给我们展示了一个跟我们自己的截然不同的世界。
重点句：
1.Well, it' s difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally use to describe a
scientific phenomenon are inadequate here. (第一段)
2 . Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space ( not a thing ) into which
matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape - not even light. So we can't see a black hole. (第一
段)
3.The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point; they collapse
and sometimes a supernova occurs. (第二段)
4.Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova. (第二段)
5.The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf or a neutron star - a star, whose matter is so dense
that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity. (第二段)
(
6 . Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same mass and a stronger
gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole. (第二段)
7 . For example, if a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very
quickly. (第三段)
8.but it is interesting that Einstein's theory provided a basis for the idea of black holes before
astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence. (第三段)
9.It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes . (第三段)
10.And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars believed to
be black holes. (第三段)
11.Binary stars, as their name suggests, are twin stars whose position in space affects each other. (第
四段)
12.There might be a massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid
rate. (第五段)
13.They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our
most basic experience of space and time. (第五段)
Text B Worlds within Worlds
New Words
1.planet n.行星
2.revolve vi.旋转；绕转
3.solar a.太阳的， 日光的；利用太阳光的
4.largely ad. 1.大量地； 2.主要地
5.glitter vi. 闪闪发光，闪烁
n. 闪光
6.cloudless a.无云的， 晴朗的
7.unlikely a.未必可能的；靠不住的
8.astronaut n.宇航员
9.thrilling a. 1.令人激动的； 2.颤动的， 震颤的
10.outer a.外部的
11.whereas conj.而，却； 反之
12.lesser a.较小的， 更少的，次要的
13.concerned a. 1.有关的； 2.关切的， 担心的
14.microscopic a. 1.显微镜的；2.微观的； 3.微小的， 细微的
15.whilst conj. 1. 当…时； 2.然而； 3.虽然，尽管
16.plateau ([复]plateaus 或 plateaux) n.高原
17.tropical a. 1.热带的； 2.炎热的
18.coloured a.有色的
19.religion n.宗教；宗教信仰
(
20.circumstance n.[pl .]情况，环境；境遇
Phrases and Expressions
1.a great many 很多
2.above all 首先，首要
3.as a rule 通常；一般说来
together with 和
First of all let us consider the earth (that is to say, the world) as a planet revolving round the sun.The
earth is one of nine planets which move in orbit round the sun. These nine planets, together with the sun,
make up what is called our solar systems.How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with
such wonderful accuracy is largely a mystery but astronomers tell us that it is only one of millions of
similar systems in space, and one of the smallest .
The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the suns
of other solar systems more of less like our own, but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely that we
shall ever get to know very much about them.About our own solar system, however, we are learning more
every day.
Before the American and Russian astronauts made their thrilling journeys into outer space it was
difficult for us to realize what our earth looked like from hundreds of thousands of miles away, but the
photographs which the astronauts were able to take show us the earth in space looking not very different
from what the moon looks like when we look at it from the earth.The earth is, however, very different from
the moon, which the American astronauts have found to be without life or vegetation, whereas our earth is
very much alive in every respect.The moon, by the way, is called a satellite because it goes round our earth
as well as round the sun.In our words, it goes round the sun with our earth.
The surface of our earth is covered by masses of land and larger areas of water. Let us consider the
water areas first. The total water area is about three times as large as the land area. The very large separate
areas of water are called "oceans" and the lesser areas are called "seas."
In most of the oceans and seas some of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction ―
that is to say, from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned.The water which is flowing
in this manner is said to be moving as a "current." There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the
oceans and seas, but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents are specially named and of
great importance. There currents are important because they affect the climate of the land areas close to
where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscopic animal and vegetable life
which forms a large part of the food for fishes .
The nature and characteristics of the surface of the land areas of the earth vary a great deal from area
to area and from place to place. The surface of some areas consists largely of high mountains and deep
valleys whilst, in other areas, most of the surface consists of plains.If one made a journey over the
Continents one world find every kind of surface including mountain ranges, plains, plateaux, deserts,
tropical forestlands and empty areas covered permanently by ice and snow.
When thinking and learning about the world we should not forget that our world is the home of a vary
great many different people ― peoples with different coloured skins, living very different lives and
having very different ideas about a great many important things such as religion, government, education
and social behaviour.
The circumstances under which different people live make a great difference between the way in
which they live and the way in which we live, and it ought to be our business to try to understand those
different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands. Above all, we should avoid
(
deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal
about them and the kind of lives they have to live.It is true to say that the more we learn about other people ,
the better we understand their ideas and, as a rule, the better we like those people themselves.
词汇讲解：
1.revolve v.旋转，绕转
The earth revolves round / around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。
2.solar adj.太阳的， 日光的，利用太阳光的 例： the solar system 太阳系
3.whereas : conj.而，却， 反之
He must be about sixty, whereas his wife looks about thirty.他一定有 60 岁了，而他的妻子看起来只
有 30 岁。
You eat a massive plate of food for lunch, whereas I have just a sandwich.你中午吃了一大盘食物，而
我只吃了个三明治。
4.concerned : 有关的， 关心的，担心的
I was quite a shock for all concerned.这对所有有关人士都是一个震惊。
Her job is something concerned with English.她的工作和英语有关。
5.tropical adj.热带的， 炎热的
I'd love to live somewhere with a tropical climate.
我想生活在某个属于热带气候的地方
August was almost tropical this year.今年八月十分炎热
6.circumstance n.环境，情况，境遇
We can't decide until we know all the circumstances.
我们只有在了解所有的情况后才能作出决定。
词组
1.a great many , a good many 很多 ( 后边加可数名词)
2.above all : 最重要的，尤其；首先
Above all , don't forget to write.最重要的是别忘了写信。
In choosing the curtain for a room, you should consider the material from the point of view of texture,
its weight, its pattern - but its colour above all .在挑选房间窗帘面料时， 你应该考虑质地、重量和图案
等，但最重要的是颜色。
3.as a rule : 在多数情况下，通常， 一般而言 = usually
As a rule I'm home by six.我通常六点前在家。
As a rule, I only read detective novels .通常我只读侦探小说。
4.together with : 和，连同
These new facts, together with the other evidence, prove the prisoner's innocence. 这些新的事实连同
其他证据证明这个犯人清白无辜。
John, together with his brother, has gone to the party.约翰连同他的兄弟一起去参加宴会了。
注意 together with 作插入语时，句子的谓语动词的数取决于前面的主语。
重点句子：
1 .The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the
suns of other solar systems more or less like our own, but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely
that we shall ever get to know very much about them.
(
which 引导定语从句
so … that…结果状语从句中it 为形式主语
2 .The earth is, however, very different from the moon, which the American astronauts have found to
be without life or vegetation, whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect.
which 引导非限定性定语从句，修饰 the moon
vegetation 植物
whereas = while 然而
alive 意为"有活力的"，在句中作表语。类似的形容词还有 afraid, alone, alike, asleep, awake, aware
等
in every respect 在每一个方面
3.In most of the oceans and seas some of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction －
that is to say, from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned.
to be flowing 不定式作主语补语
concerned 是分词作定语，修饰 the ocean or sea
4 .There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the oceans and seas , but only certain of the
stronger and better marked currents are specially named and of great importance.
Thousands/hundreds of + 名词复数
Eg.Hundreds of meters
此处 waters 指的是"大片的水，水域"
peoples 表示人种
woods 表示森林，树木
5.The circumstances under which different people live make a great difference between the way in
which they live and the way in which we live, and it ought to be our business to try to understand those
different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands .
三个定语从句，由 under which 和 两个 in which 引导，
第一个： under which different people live 修饰 circumstances
第二个： in which they live 修饰 the way
第三个： in which we live 修饰 the way
ought to = should 应该
business 责任，业务
it 是形式主语，真正主语是 to try to understand those different circumstances
目的状语从句，由 so that 引导
other lands 其它国家
6 . Above all, we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without
first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.
注意动词 avoid 后接动名词作宾语
decide 判定
what 引导宾语从句作 deciding 的宾语
they have to live 是省略连词的定语从句，修饰 lives
7.It is true to say that the more we learn about other people, the better we understand their ideas and,
as a rule, the better we like those people themselves .
注意 the more …, the better…, the better … 比较结构
Unit 2 补充语法知识
(
that 与 which 引导定语从句的异同点 :
that 不可引导非限制性定语从句 which 可引导非限制性定语从句
that 不可用作介词宾语 which 可用作介词宾语 介词+which
in that "在于" ， 是复合连词，非介词宾语
that 可以用于指代人或物 which 不可以用于指代人
当先行词是不定代词、序数词、形容词最高级所修饰的词时，只能用 that 而不能用which 引导
定语从句
比如 everything, anything, first, second 等
Unit 2 练习：
1.词汇英译汉：
escape, explode, collapse, shrink, gravity, measurement, basis, launch, convincing, companion,
speculation, swallow, operate, to make use of, a great many, above all
2.句子英译汉：
1) Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen
and from which nothing can escape.
2) The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point.
3) Some people think that the Start of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.
4) If a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly.
5) It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.
6) On the other hand, scientists have suggested that every advanced technology could one day make
use of the energy of black holes for mankind.
7) There might be a massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid
rate.
8) They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our
most basic experience of space and time.
3 句子汉译英
黑洞是什么，天文学家还没有完全解决这个问题。
Astronomers have not yet fully solved the problem of what a black hole is.
据说黑洞可以将其周围的一切物体， 如星星吞食掉。
It is said that black holes are able to swallow up all the objects around them, such as stars .
对黑洞的研究刚刚开始，各种各样的假说层出不穷。
The research of black holes is just beginning and speculation about them are endless.
科学家仍不能说出黑洞内发生了什么。
Scientists still can not tell what happens inside a black hole.
It is still impossible for scientists to tell what happens inside a black hole.
如果我们认识了黑洞， 黑洞就不那么可怕了。
If we understood black holes, they would not be so fearful .
Black holes will not be so fearful if we get to know them.
历年考题：
1 .Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space _ ___ _ _ which matter has
fallen and ______ which nothing can escape.
A.towards … towards B.into … from C.out of … from D.through… from
(
答案是 B.考点：定语从句中介词+which 的结构； fall into 掉进去； escape from 从… 逃离。
2.汉译英： 要说出黑洞里面发生了什么是不可能的。(不定式作主语)
答案： It is impossible to say what happens inside the black hole.
3.汉译英： 只是在最近天文学家才开始对黑洞进行具体研究。(强调句型)
答案： It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.
4.汉译英: 有些星辰的密度达到某一点就会爆炸。
答案： Some stars explode when their density increases to a certain point .
Unit 2 单元课后练习
Ⅰ.Word Spelling
1.密度 n.d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2. (使)倒塌，(使)崩溃 v.c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3.边界线， 边界 n.b _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4.永恒的， 经久不变的 a.c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5.基础，根据 n.b _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
6.发射，发动 v.l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
7.双胞胎之一 a.t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8.同伴，同事 n.c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
9.人类 n.m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
10.推测，猜测 n.s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
11.吞 v.s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
12.不充分的 a.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
13.物质 n.m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
14.情况，环境 a.c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
15.发生，出现 v.o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
16.强烈的 a.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
17.证据 n.e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
18.看不见的 a.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
19.宇航员 n.a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
20.热带的 a.t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Ⅱ.Word Form
1.Supernovae____(report) by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries .
2 .Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still____(have) the same mass, and you have
some idea of the force of a black hole.
3 . If one_ _ _ _ ( make) a journey over the Continents one would find every kind of surface including
mountain ranges, plains, and empty areas covered permanently by ice and snow.
4.And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars____(believe)
to be black holes.
5.Matter from the one which we can see____(pull) towards the companion star.
6 .There might be a massive black hole at the centre of our galaxy____(swallow) up stars at a very
rapid rate.
7.The most____(convince) evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems .
8.They show us a world which operates in a ____(total) different way from our own.
9.The surface of some areas____(consist) largely of high mountains and deep valleys .
(
10.Our world is the home of a very great many different people-peoples with different____(colour)
skins.
Ⅲ.Vocabulary and Structure
1.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space (not a thing)____which matter
has fallen and____which nothing can escape-not even light.
[A] into into
[B] into from
[C] from into
[D] from from
2.This process of shrinking may be so intense____a black hole results.
[A] whether
[B] what
[C] which
[D] that
3.Binary stars,____their name suggests, are twin stars whose position in space affects each other.
[A] as
[B] that
[C] what
[D] if
4.In some binary systems, astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star, a 'partner'
to____which we can see in the sky.
[A] the one
[B] that
[C] the ones
[D] those
5 .On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day____the
energy of black holes for mankind.
[A] make fun of
[B] make sure of
[C] make use of
[D] make sense of
6.Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as____.
[A] companies
[B] comparisons
[C] compounds
[D] companions
7.The earth is one of nine planets which move in____round the sun.
[A] track
[B] orbit
[C] tour
[D] route
8.In August 1977, a satellite was____to gather data about the black holes in the Milky way.
[A] posted
[B] delivered
(
[C] launched
[D] transmitted
9.The terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are____here.
[A] inadequate
[B] invisible
[C] intense
[D] individual
10.We know nothing about events which happen once objects pass this boundary, But____,matter
must behave very differently inside the hole.
[A] in addition
[B] in person
[C] in detail
[D] in theory
Ⅳ.C-E Translation
1.这个收缩的过程如此强烈，以至于黑洞产生了。
2.直到最近天文学家们才开始研究黑洞。
3.但是从理论上说，物质在黑洞里的行为一定非常不同。
4.黑洞最强有力的证据来自对双星系的研究。
5.有一天也许人类也会遭此命运。
单元自测答案 Unit 2
Ⅰ.Word Spelling
1.density 2.collapse 3.boundary
4.constant 5.basis 6.launch
7.twin 8.companion 9.mankind
10.speculation 11.swallow 12.inadequate
13.matter 14.circumstance 15.occur
16.intense 17.evidence 18.invisible
19.astronaut 20.tropical
Ⅱ.Word Form
1.were reported 2.having 3.made
4.believed 5.is being pulled 6.swallowing
7.convincing 8.totally 9.consists
10.coloured
Ⅲ.Vocabulary and Structure
1.B 2.D 3.A 4.A 5.C
6.D 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.D
Ⅳ.C-E Translation
1.This process of shrinking is so intense that a black hole results .
2 . It is only recently/ It is not until recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black
holes.
3.But in theory, matter must behave very differently/in a very different manner inside the black hole.
4.The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems.
5.Mankind may one day meet this fate.
(
Text A Slavery On Our Doorstep
I.课文内容简介
这篇文章介绍了在英国工作的大约两万多名海外家仆，这些家仆中有1/10正遭受雇主的各种各
样的虐待和奴役。尽管英国政府采取了新的措施，这些佣人的生活和工作条件并没有发生太大的变
化。
这种状况得到了媒体的普遍关注。
解决问题的关键办法也许在于允许家佣们自由地选择顾主。
段落大意：
Paras. 1-2 In Britain, about 10% of the domestic servants are being exploited and abused in various
forms.
Paras .3-8 The sad condition of domestics received media attention.
Para.9 The key to the problem lies in allowing domestic workers the freedom to change employers.
II.New Words
1.slavery n.奴隶制度，奴役
2.domestic a./n.家庭的， 家务的，本国的/家仆
3.Briton n.大不列颠人；英国人
4.statistics n.统计数字，统计资料
5.diplomat n.外交家； 外交官
6.abroad ad.到国外； 在国外
7.exploit vt.开发，开采；利用
8.abuse vt./n.滥用，虐待
9.campaign n./vi./vt. 战役，运动
10.sexually ad.在性方面
11.passport n.护照
12.Filipino n./a. 菲律宾人；菲律宾的
13.maid n.少女，侍女，女仆
14.execute vt.实行，执行，完成
15.convict vt./n.证明 …有罪；宣判
16.despite prep.尽管，任凭
17.guilt n.有罪，内疚
18.deserving a. 应得的， 值得的
19.Saudi n.沙特阿拉伯人， 沙特阿拉伯的
20.breadwinner n.养家糊口的人
21.shelf n.架子
22.minimum n./a. 最小量； 最小的
23.employee n.雇员，雇工
24.leaflet n. 小叶，嫩叶；传单，活页
25.incidence a./n.影响程度，影响范围
(
26.immigrant n.a.(从国外)移民的， 侨民的；侨民,移民
27.status n.情形，状况；地位，身份
28.kingdom n.王国，领域
29.concession n.让步；特许权
30.immigration n.移居；外来的移民
31.foreigner n.外国人
32.deport vt.驱逐出境
Phrases and Expressions
1.to bring over 把 … 带来；使转变
2.to convict of 证明 …有罪
3.be deserving of 值得，应得
4.be supposed to 应该
5.to distinguish … from 把...与 … 区别开
Porper Name
Singapore 1.新加坡岛； 2.新加坡； 3.新加坡市
Lydia 莉迪亚.加西亚
The Philippines 1.菲律宾； 2.菲律宾群岛
Kumari 库马里(人名)
Sri Lanka 斯里兰卡
United Kingdom 联合王国
词汇精讲：
slave 奴隶 slavery 奴隶制
discover discovery n.发现
domestic a.家庭的； 国内的，本国的； n.家仆
反义词： abroad
GDP ( = gross domestic product )国内生产总值
Many women feel they cannot apply for the top jobs because of domestic commitments.
很多妇女感觉她们因为家庭责任而不能申请高级工作。
The president's new foreign policy is heavily influenced by domestic factors.
总统的对外政策在很大程度上受到了国内因素的影响。
家仆 domestic ，servant ，maid (女佣) ,female girl
Briton 大不列颠人；英国人
Britain 英国，不列颠
英伦三岛：England 、Scotland ，Welsh, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大
不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国
Briton 英国人； the British; Englishman
oversea 海外的， 在海外
exploit : vt.开发，开采；利用，剥削 n. exploition
He exploited his authority personal gratification .他利用职权来满足个人的私欲。
A mine is exploited for its minerals.开发矿山是为了采矿。
The company exploited its workers with long hours and low pay.
该公司利用长工时、低工资的方法来剥削工人。
Resources should be properly exploited.开发资源要适度。
abuse v./ n 虐待，滥用
(
Drug and alcohol abuse contributed to Brian's early death.
滥用毒品和酗酒导致了布莱恩的早逝。
Be physically abused 肉体受到虐待
the Iraqi prisoner abuse
abuse one's power
campaign : n. 战役，运动； v.参加运动
The Huai-Hai Campaign was essential to the victory of the War of Liberation.
淮海战役对解放战争的胜利至关重要。
We are launching a campaign against waste.我们正发起一场反浪费活动。
He announced that he would campaign for the senate.他宣布他将参加议员竞选。
sex 性别； visa 签证
execute vt.将 … 处死，执行，实行 executive a.执行的， 执政的
The criminal was executed after the trial .审判后罪犯被处死。
All orders were immediately executed .所有的命令将尽早执行。
CEO = Chief Executive Officer 首席执行官
EMBA= Executive Master of Business Administration 高级管理人员工商管理硕士
convict: vt.证明 …有罪，宣判 …有罪； n.罪犯
He was convicted of smuggling .他被判犯有走私罪。
相关词汇：accuse sb. of …指控某人有罪；
charge sb of ...指控某人有罪
despite : prep.尽管，任凭
Despite the fact that there was almost no hope of finding the missing boy , the search party still went
on looking. 尽管找到失踪男孩几乎无望，搜寻的人群仍然在继续寻找。
Despite the shortage of raw materials, industrial output has increased by ten percent. 尽管原材料短
缺，工业产量仍增长百分之十。
Despite what he said, I didn't believe the news.不论她如何说，我也不相信这个消息。
相关词汇：in spite of 尽管，任凭
deserving : a. 应得，值得
派生词： deserve v.应得，值得(宾语可用名词、动名词、或不定式)
用法： be deserving of ; deserve + n./ doing / to do sth.
His efforts are certainly deserving of praise.他的努力当然值得表扬。
The question deserves consideration.这个问题值得考虑。
He deserves to lose because he cheated.他该输， 因为他作弊。
The project deserves further investigation.这个项目值得进一步调查。
Saudi Arabia 沙特阿拉伯
breadwinner 同义词： provider
shelf 复数：变 f 为 I+ves 类似地， life, leaf
minimum: a./ n.最小量； 最低限制
派生词： minimize v.使最小化
反义词： maximum n.最大量， 最大限制(手写板)
用法: Wage increases are being kept to a minimum in many companies because of the depression.
由于经济不景气，很多公司的工资增长都被限制在最小幅度。
We need a minimum of ten people to play this game.玩这个游戏我们至少需要10个人。
We have reduced the costs to the minimum .我们已将费用减至最低额。
(
employee 雇员 employer 雇主
incidence 发生率
status n. 1.情况，状况2.地位，身份 同义词： situation
the status of world affairs 世界形势
status as a scholar 学者身份
immigrant status 移民身份
status of women in society 妇女的社会地位
the political situation 政治面貌
the domestic situation 国内形式
the international situation 国际形式
to kick out 驱逐出境
词组：
1.to bring over:把 … 带来;使转变
You might bring your girlfriend over tomorrow evening. 明天晚上你不妨把你的女朋友带来。
What she said brought me over to her opinion.她的话使我转而同意她的意见。
Can this small boat bring them over to this side of the river ?
这条小船能把他们运到河的那边吗？
相关词汇：bring up 养育，抚育； bring about 引起，带来，产生
2.be deserving of 值得，应得
He is deserving of the praise for his work.鉴于他的工作应受到这表扬。
The robber is deserving of capital punishment .这个强盗应处极刑。
3.be supposed to :应该,理应
You are not supposed to smoke in here.你不应在这里吸烟。
Employees are supposed to be here at eight every day.雇员们应该每天8点钟到这里。
III.课文精讲
第一部分：
paras. 1－2
There are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain (the exact
figure is not known because the Home Office, the Government department that deals with this, does not
keep statistics). Usually, they have been brought over by foreign businessmen, diplomats or Britons
returning from abroad. ,Of these 20,000, just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their
employers, according to a London- based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in
Britain.
1.本句为 there be 句型的变体，working in Britain 为现在分词短语作定语，修饰 servants .译文： 据
统计，在英国工作的外籍家庭佣人有两万多人
2.括号里内容：(由于处理该项事务的政府部门- 内政部-没有做过统计，精确数字不得而知)
原因状语从句中主语“内政部”有一个同位语。
3.句中"are being exploited and abused"为现在进行时被动语态，表示“正在被 …剥削和凌辱”。
"under"的意思是“低于，不到”。
"- based"意为“设(驻) 在 … 的，以 … 为基础的，以 … 为主要手段的”。
例如： shore-based aircraft 岸基飞机
the agency's Paris-based press officer 该机构驻巴黎的新闻发布官。
本句意思：根据设在伦敦的帮助在伦敦工作的外籍家庭佣人的政治组织说，
(
在两万多外籍家庭佣人中几乎有2000人正遭受雇主的剥削和虐待。
The abuse can take several forms. Often the domestics are not allowed to go out, and they do not
receive any payment. They can be physically, sexually and psychologically abused. And they can have their
passports removed, making leaving or "escaping" virtually impossible.
4."have their passports removed"是 have+宾语+过去分词的结构。
"removed"是过去分词作宾补，表示被动，意为“使得护照被拿走”。
例如: have my wallet stolen ， have the radio repaired
making … impossible 为现在分词短语作结果状语.
本句意思： 他们在身体上、性和心理上遭受凌辱。他们还会被收去护照， 使得出走或“逃跑”根
本不可能。
第二部分：
paras. 3－8
The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention
earlier this year in several highly publicised cases. In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in
Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarters that her guilt had not
been adequately established. Groups like Anti-Slavery International say other, less dramatic, cases are
equally deserving of attention, such as that of Lydia Garcia, a Filipino maid working in London:
5 .The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world 在句 中 作主 语 ， 谓语是
received 受到, "in several highly publicized cases"的意思是“在几个被高度曝光的案例中”。
本句意思：今年年初，几个透明度颇高的案例中有关世界各地的家庭女佣的悲惨状况受到新闻
媒体的关注。
" I was hired by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London in 19 89. I was
supposed to be paid ￡ 120 but I never received that amount. They always threatened that they would send
me back to my country."
6.句中"being convicted of murder"为动名词被动式作介词 "after"的宾语，表示“被判为谋杀罪”。
"that"引导protests 的同位语从句，表示抗议的内容。本句意思： 其中一个案例是讲一位菲律宾女佣
因被指控犯有谋杀罪在新加坡被处死，尽管有来自各地的抗议认为她的罪名不足以成立。
Para.5
Then there is the case of Kumari from Sri Lanka. The main breadwinner in her family, she used to
work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka. Because she found it difficult to feed her four
children, she accepted a job working as a domestic in London. She says she felt like a prisoner at the
London house where she worked.
7 .The main breadwinner in her family, she used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri
Lanka. She 是同位语 used to do sth.过去经常的动作
"No days off - ever, no breaks at all, no proper food. I didn't have my own room; I slept on a shelf with
a space of only three feet above me. I wasn't allowed to talk to anybody. I wasn't even allowed to open the
window. My employers always threatened to report me to the Home Office or the police.
Para.7
At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measures to help protect domestic workers
from abuse by their employers. This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18, getting
employees to read and understand an advice leaflet, getting employers to agree to provide adequate
maintenance and conditions, and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job ( of which the
employees should see a copy) .
8.include 后要接动名词作宾语。increasing, getting,和 getting 均为动名词短语,作 included 的宾语，
(
表示新措施包括的三项内容。
"to agree"和 "to put"并列作第二个 getting 的宾补。
"to put in writing the main terms and conditions … 的 正 常 语 序 为 to put the main terms and
conditions …
in writing , 因为作宾补的介词短语较短，而宾语较长，故把宾补提前。
本句意思：措施包括把雇工的最小年龄提高到18岁，使受雇者能阅读并理解通告单，使雇主同
意提供适当的生活费用和条件，并写出工作条件和主要的工作条款(受雇者应有此种副本)。
Para.8
However, many people doubt whether this will successfully reduce the incidence of abuse. For the
main problem facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about cruel living and working
conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so cannot change employer. (They are
allowed in the United Kingdom under a special concession in the immigration rules which allow foreigners
to bring domestic staff with them.) So if they do complain, they risk being deported.
该句的主要结构为 "For …problem … is that … ." "facing"为现在分词作定语修饰problem。"who"
引导定语从句修饰 "maids and domestics".
本句意思是：因为那些企图抗议恶劣生活和工作条件的外籍女佣和家仆所面临的主要问题是他
们没有独立的移民身份，因此不能更换雇主。
第三部分
Para.9
Allowing domestic workers the freedom to seek the same type of work but with a different employer,
if they so choose, is what groups like Anti-Slavery International are campaigning the Government for. It is,
they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery.
10.allowing ...动名词短语作主语
if they so choose...条件状语从句
what 引导表语从句,what groups … are campaigning the Government for .
We are campaining the Government for human rights .
This key is what I am looking for .
11."it is … . Which … "为强调句。 强调主语。 "they say"为插入语 。
to distinguish … from 把 … 区分开
本句意思：他们说，正是有权改变雇主的这一做法区分了雇佣制和奴隶制
附：重点句
1.There are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain (the exact
figure is not known because the Home Office, the Government department that deals with this, does not
keep statistics). There be 表"存在"的句型。
2.Of these 20,000, just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers, according to a
London- based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in Britain.
3.And they can have their passports removed, making leaving or "escaping"virtually impossible.
4.The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention
earlier this year in several highly publicised cases.
5 .In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite
protests from various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established.
Guilt n.有罪 反义词： innocence
Guilty adj.有罪的 反义词 innocente
6.Then there is the case of Kumari from Sri Lanka. The main breadwinner in her family, she used to
(
work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka.
7.This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18, getting employees to read and
understand an advice leaflet, getting employers to agree to provide adequate maintenance and conditions,
and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job (of which the employees should see a copy).
注意三个并列的动名词短语。
8 .For the main problem facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about cruel living
and working conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so cannot change
employer.
9.It is, they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery.
Text B Return of The Chain Gang
I.New Words
Title 翻译：又返回到用铁链子把囚犯们拴在一起干活的时代了
1.gang n. 1.一队，一族； 2. (囚犯， 歹徒等)一群，一帮
2.eyewitness n. 目击者； 见证人
3.unison n.一致；协调
4.interstate a. [主美]州际的
5.BBC(=British Broadcasting Corporation)英国广播公司
6.correspondent n. 1.对应物； 2.新闻通讯员，记者，通信者
7.shackle n. 1.[常 pl.]镣铐； 2.[pl.]束缚，枷锁
8.ditch n.沟，沟渠
vt./vi.开渠；筑渠
9.weed n. 1.杂草，野草； 2.水生植物
vt. 除草，拔草
10.deny vt. 1.否定，否认； 2.拒绝接受，拒绝给予
11.re-introduction n.重新采用，重新引入
12.gap n.裂口，裂缝
13.toilet n.盥洗室； 厕所
14.circus n. 1.马戏团， 杂技团； 2.马戏场， 杂技场
15.degrade vt. 1.降级，贬代； 2.堕落； 3.退化
16.plantation n. 1.种植园， 大农场； 2.植树造林
17.spokesman ([复] spokesmen) n.发言人； 代言人
18.racist n.种族主义者
a.种族主义的；种族歧视的
19.racial a.种族的
20.inhumane a.不人道的，残忍的
21.ineffective a.无效的； 不起作用的
22.civil a. 1.国民的； 民用的； 2.国内的， 民间的
23.union n. 1.工会，协会； 2.结合，联合
24.liberty n. 1.自由，自由权； 2.冒昧，失礼；
(
3.[常 pl.]特许权， 特权
25.punishment n. 1.处罚，罚，刑罚； 2.折磨，损害
26.disaffection n.不满
27.argument n. 1.争论，辩论； 2.论据，理由
Phrases and Expressions
1.to watch over 看守，照管，监视
2.in unison 完全一致地
3.to call up 1.打电话； 2.使想起， 使忆起
Porper Names
Huntsville 亨茨纬尔
Alabama 阿拉巴马
Clare Bolderson 克莱尔.博尔德森
Georgia 佐治亚
Don Claxton 唐.克莱克斯顿
Alvin Bronstein 阿尔文.布朗斯坦
Arkansas 阿肯色
重点词汇精讲：
1.deny :否认，否定
用法： deny 后要加动名词作宾语
Neil denies breaking the window, but I'm sure he did. 内尔否认打破了窗户， 但我肯定是他干的。
2.degrade : v. 降级，贬低
派生词： grade n.等级，级别
de- 是前缀表示 "reduce, remove, down, showing an opposite"的意思。
相关词汇构词法： code - decode ; value - devalue ; form - deform ; merit - demerit;
3.ineffective:无效的
反义词： effective a.有效的；
II.课文分析
Eyewitnesses say is was a scene straight out of a black and white movie from the 1950s . As the sun
rose over the fields of Huntsville, Alabama, in the American South, the convicts got down from the trucks
that had brought them there. Watched over by guards with guns , they raised their legs in unison and made
their way to the edge of the highway, Interstate 65. The BBC's Washington correspondent Clare Bolderson
was there and she sent this report:
1.chain gang 用铁链拴在一起劳动的囚犯队
2.Eyewitnesses say it was a scene straight out of a black and white movie from the 1950s.
目击者说这仿佛是直接取自20世纪50年代黑白电影的一幕。
句中宾语从句省略了引导词 that . straight 为副词,意为"直接地"
3.Watched over by guards with guns, they raised their legs in unison and made their way to the edge of
the highway, Interstate 65.他们在荷枪实弹的警卫的看守下，步伐一致地迈动双腿，向着65号州际公路
路边走去。
watched over 为过去分词短语作伴随状语。
make one's way to 去往，朝 …走去
the highway,interstate 65 (美国)65号州际公路
"They wore white uniforms with the words 'Chain Gang' on their backs and ,in groups of five, were
(
shackled together in leg irons joined by an eight- foot chain. The prisoners will work for up to 90 days on
the gang: they'll clear ditches of weeds and mend fences along Alabama's main roads . While they are
working on the sang, they'll also live in some of the harshest prison conditions in the United States. There'll
be no televisions or phone calls; many other day-to-day privileges will be denied."
The authorities in Alabama say there is a lot of support for the re- introduction of chain gangs in the
State after a gap of 30 years (the last gangs were abolished in Georgia in the early 1960s). Many people
believe it is an effective may to get criminals to pay back their debt to society.
4.Many people believe it is an effective way to get criminal to pay back their debt to society.
许多人相信这是一种让罪犯向社会还清债务的有效途径。
it 是形式宾语，不定式 to get criminal to pay back their debt to society 为实际宾语
The prisoners stay shackled when they use toilets .They reacted sharply to the treatment they are given:
5.They reacted sharply to the treatment they are given.他们强烈反抗他们所受到的待遇。
they are given 为定语从句，修饰 the treatment
Prisoner one : "This is like a circus . A zoo . All chained here to a zoo .We're all animals now."
6.All chained here to a zoo.
此句为省略句，谓语动词 are 被省略 ,应为 all are chained here to a zoo.意为：所有的人都被锁链
拴住，这里成了动物园。
Prisoner two: "It's degrading. It's embarrassing."
Prisoner three: "In chains. It's slavery!"
Six out of every ten prisoners in chains are black , which is why the chain gangs call up images of
slavery in centuries gone by , when the black people were brought from Africa in leg irons and made to
work in plantations owned by white men. Not surprisingly, although three-quarters of the white population
of Alabama supports chain gangs, only a small number of black people do. Don Claxton, spokesman for the
State Government of Alabama, insists that the system is not racist:
7.Six out of every ten prisoners in chains are black, which is why the chain gangs call up images of
slavery in centuries gone by, when black people were brought from Africa in leg irons and made to work in
plantations owned by white men.
which 引导非限定性定语从句，修饰前句话。
gone by 过去分词短语，修饰 centuries .
when 引导另一个定语从句， 修饰 centuries .
句中并列谓语是 were brought ,(were) made to work 是主语补语，因此不可以省略不动式符号to
"This isn't something that's done for racial reasons, for political reasons. This is something that's going
to help save the people of Alabama tax money because they don't have to pay as many officers to work on
the highways . And it's going go help clean up our highways and it's going to help clean up the State."
However, the re-introduction of these measures has caused a great deal of strong disagreement.
Human rights organizations say that putting prisoners in chains is not only inhumane but also ineffective.
Alvin Bronstein, member of the Civil Liberties Union, says that study after study has shown that you
cannot prevent people from committing crimes by punishment or the threat of punishment: "What they will
do is make prisoners more angry , more hostile, so that when they get out of prison, they will increase the
level of their criminal behaviour."
8."What they will do is make prisoners more angry, more hostile, so that when they get out of prison,
they will increase the level of their criminal behavious."
what 引导的主语从句中有 do,则在表语中不定式省略to
(
so that 引导结果状语从句
Civil liberties groups say that chaining people together doesn't solve the causes of crime , such as
poverty or disaffection within society. What it does is punish prisoners for the ills of society. They say the
practice takes the United States back so the Middle Age , and that it is a shame to American society. But
that' s not an argument likely to win favour among many people in the Deep south of the United states.
Alabama' s experiment is to be widened to include more prisoners, and other States, such as Arkansas and
Arizona, will very probably introduce their own chain gang schemes.
9.What it does is punish prisoners for the ills of society.
同上句 what 引导的主语从句中有 do,则在表语中不定式省略to,
1 0 . But that' s not an argument likely to win favour among many people in the Deep South of the
United States .
划线部分为形容词短语作定语，修饰 argument。
win favour 意为“赢得赞同”
be not likely to 不可能
favor 喜欢
III.语 法
There be “存在”句型
1.to be 作谓语动词单复数与后面的主语一致
例如： There are a lot of people in the room.
There is one person/ nobody in the room .
2.be 与助动词搭配作谓语
例如： There is no doubt about his guilt .
There can be very little doubt about his guilt .
3.与其它词相结合构成谓语
例如： There are estimated to be more than …
There is going to …
4.其它一些表示"存在"意义的动词也可以代替 to be 作谓语
例如： There existed a conflict .
5.除 be 之外， 谓语动词还可以用 occur ,come,live stand , lie
以及复合结构 happen to be，seem to be , be likely to be , be bound to be。例句参见书中 P.91注释1
IV.练 习
1.单词英译汉
domestic ，statistic ，diplomat ，exploit ，campaign ，execute ，convict，
despite ，deserving ，shelf，minimum ，status ，deport，
2.句子英译汉
(1) There are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain.
(2) Of these 20,000 , just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers.
( 3 ) The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media
attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases.
(4) A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests form
various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established.
(
(5) She used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka.
(6) Because she found it difficult to feed her four children, she accepted a job working as a domestic
in London.
(7) So if they do complain , they risk being deported.
(8) This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18 , getting employees to read and
understand an advice leaflet, getting employers to agree to provide adequate maintenance and conditions,
and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job (of which the employees should see a copy) .
(9)For the main problem facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about cruel living
and working conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so cannot change
employer.
(10) It is, they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery.
3.句子汉译英
(1)处理有关事务的政府部门没有做统计。
The government department that deals with relevant affairs does not keep statistics.
(2)正因为她无法养家才同意做家仆。
It was because she found it difficult to feed her family that she accepted a job working as a domestic.
(3)她是一名沙特外交官直接从菲律宾雇到伦敦来工作的。
She was hired by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London .
(4)家仆的工作状况得到了新闻媒介的关注。
The conditions of working as domestics have received media attention .
(5)雇主们总是威胁要把我们遣送回国。
The employers always threatened to send us back to our countries.
4.历年考题
(1) When they get out of prison, they ______ (increase) the level of their criminal behavior.
答案： will increase .
考点： 时间状语从句中主句用将来时， 从句用一般现在时表示将来。从句谓语动词是 get 一般
现在时， 所以从句用 will increase . (主将从现)
(2) At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measures to help ______ domestic
workers from abuse by their employers.
A. protect
B. suspect
C. expect
D. inspect
答案是： A.
考点是： protect … from 保护 … 免受 …
(3) _____ their differences, they fell passionately in love with each other.
A. As for
B. Owing to
C. Despite
D. Through
答案： C.
考点： despite 表示让步的关系。本句的意思是：尽管他们之间有分歧，但他们彼此深爱对方。
(
Text A Slavery On Our Doorstep
I.课文内容简介
这篇文章介绍了在英国工作的大约两万多名海外家仆，这些家仆中有1/10正遭受雇主的各种各
样的虐待和奴役。尽管英国政府采取了新的措施，这些佣人的生活和工作条件并没有发生太大的变
化。
这种状况得到了媒体的普遍关注。
解决问题的关键办法也许在于允许家佣们自由地选择顾主。
段落大意：
Paras. 1-2 In Britain, about 10% of the domestic servants are being exploited and abused in various
forms.
Paras .3-8 The sad condition of domestics received media attention.
Para.9 The key to the problem lies in allowing domestic workers the freedom to change employers.
II.New Words
1.slavery n.奴隶制度，奴役
2.domestic a./n.家庭的， 家务的，本国的/家仆
3.Briton n.大不列颠人；英国人
4.statistics n.统计数字，统计资料
5.diplomat n.外交家； 外交官
6.abroad ad.到国外； 在国外
7.exploit vt.开发，开采；利用
8.abuse vt./n.滥用，虐待
9.campaign n./vi./vt. 战役，运动
10.sexually ad.在性方面
11.passport n.护照
12.Filipino n./a. 菲律宾人；菲律宾的
13.maid n.少女，侍女，女仆
14.execute vt.实行，执行，完成
15.convict vt./n.证明 …有罪；宣判
16.despite prep.尽管，任凭
17.guilt n.有罪，内疚
18.deserving a. 应得的， 值得的
19.Saudi n.沙特阿拉伯人， 沙特阿拉伯的
20.breadwinner n.养家糊口的人
21.shelf n.架子
22.minimum n./a. 最小量； 最小的
23.employee n.雇员，雇工
24.leaflet n. 小叶，嫩叶；传单，活页
25.incidence a./n.影响程度，影响范围
(
26.immigrant n.a.(从国外)移民的， 侨民的；侨民,移民
27.status n.情形，状况；地位，身份
28.kingdom n.王国，领域
29.concession n.让步；特许权
30.immigration n.移居；外来的移民
31.foreigner n.外国人
32.deport vt.驱逐出境
Phrases and Expressions
1.to bring over 把 … 带来；使转变
2.to convict of 证明 …有罪
3.be deserving of 值得，应得
4.be supposed to 应该
5.to distinguish … from 把...与 … 区别开
Porper Name
Singapore 1.新加坡岛； 2.新加坡； 3.新加坡市
Lydia 莉迪亚.加西亚
The Philippines 1.菲律宾； 2.菲律宾群岛
Kumari 库马里(人名)
Sri Lanka 斯里兰卡
United Kingdom 联合王国
词汇精讲：
slave 奴隶 slavery 奴隶制
discover discovery n.发现
domestic a.家庭的； 国内的，本国的； n.家仆
反义词： abroad
GDP ( = gross domestic product )国内生产总值
Many women feel they cannot apply for the top jobs because of domestic commitments.
很多妇女感觉她们因为家庭责任而不能申请高级工作。
The president's new foreign policy is heavily influenced by domestic factors.
总统的对外政策在很大程度上受到了国内因素的影响。
家仆 domestic ，servant ，maid (女佣) ,female girl
Briton 大不列颠人；英国人
Britain 英国，不列颠
英伦三岛：England 、Scotland ，Welsh, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大
不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国
Briton 英国人； the British; Englishman
oversea 海外的， 在海外
exploit : vt.开发，开采；利用，剥削 n. exploition
He exploited his authority personal gratification .他利用职权来满足个人的私欲。
A mine is exploited for its minerals.开发矿山是为了采矿。
The company exploited its workers with long hours and low pay.
该公司利用长工时、低工资的方法来剥削工人。
Resources should be properly exploited.开发资源要适度。
abuse v./ n 虐待，滥用
(
Drug and alcohol abuse contributed to Brian's early death.
滥用毒品和酗酒导致了布莱恩的早逝。
Be physically abused 肉体受到虐待
the Iraqi prisoner abuse
abuse one's power
campaign : n. 战役，运动； v.参加运动
The Huai-Hai Campaign was essential to the victory of the War of Liberation.
淮海战役对解放战争的胜利至关重要。
We are launching a campaign against waste.我们正发起一场反浪费活动。
He announced that he would campaign for the senate.他宣布他将参加议员竞选。
sex 性别； visa 签证
execute vt.将 … 处死，执行，实行 executive a.执行的， 执政的
The criminal was executed after the trial .审判后罪犯被处死。
All orders were immediately executed .所有的命令将尽早执行。
CEO = Chief Executive Officer 首席执行官
EMBA= Executive Master of Business Administration 高级管理人员工商管理硕士
convict: vt.证明 …有罪，宣判 …有罪； n.罪犯
He was convicted of smuggling .他被判犯有走私罪。
相关词汇：accuse sb. of …指控某人有罪；
charge sb of ...指控某人有罪
despite : prep.尽管，任凭
Despite the fact that there was almost no hope of finding the missing boy , the search party still went
on looking. 尽管找到失踪男孩几乎无望，搜寻的人群仍然在继续寻找。
Despite the shortage of raw materials, industrial output has increased by ten percent. 尽管原材料短
缺，工业产量仍增长百分之十。
Despite what he said, I didn't believe the news.不论她如何说，我也不相信这个消息。
相关词汇：in spite of 尽管，任凭
deserving : a. 应得，值得
派生词： deserve v.应得，值得(宾语可用名词、动名词、或不定式)
用法： be deserving of ; deserve + n./ doing / to do sth.
His efforts are certainly deserving of praise.他的努力当然值得表扬。
The question deserves consideration.这个问题值得考虑。
He deserves to lose because he cheated.他该输， 因为他作弊。
The project deserves further investigation.这个项目值得进一步调查。
Saudi Arabia 沙特阿拉伯
breadwinner 同义词： provider
shelf 复数：变 f 为 I+ves 类似地， life, leaf
minimum: a./ n.最小量； 最低限制
派生词： minimize v.使最小化
反义词： maximum n.最大量， 最大限制(手写板)
用法: Wage increases are being kept to a minimum in many companies because of the depression.
由于经济不景气，很多公司的工资增长都被限制在最小幅度。
We need a minimum of ten people to play this game.玩这个游戏我们至少需要10个人。
We have reduced the costs to the minimum .我们已将费用减至最低额。
(
employee 雇员 employer 雇主
incidence 发生率
status n. 1.情况，状况2.地位，身份 同义词： situation
the status of world affairs 世界形势
status as a scholar 学者身份
immigrant status 移民身份
status of women in society 妇女的社会地位
the political situation 政治面貌
the domestic situation 国内形式
the international situation 国际形式
to kick out 驱逐出境
词组：
1.to bring over:把 … 带来;使转变
You might bring your girlfriend over tomorrow evening. 明天晚上你不妨把你的女朋友带来。
What she said brought me over to her opinion.她的话使我转而同意她的意见。
Can this small boat bring them over to this side of the river ?
这条小船能把他们运到河的那边吗？
相关词汇：bring up 养育，抚育； bring about 引起，带来，产生
2.be deserving of 值得，应得
He is deserving of the praise for his work.鉴于他的工作应受到这表扬。
The robber is deserving of capital punishment .这个强盗应处极刑。
3.be supposed to :应该,理应
You are not supposed to smoke in here.你不应在这里吸烟。
Employees are supposed to be here at eight every day.雇员们应该每天8点钟到这里。
III.课文精讲
第一部分：
paras. 1－2
There are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain (the exact
figure is not known because the Home Office, the Government department that deals with this, does not
keep statistics). Usually, they have been brought over by foreign businessmen, diplomats or Britons
returning from abroad. ,Of these 20,000, just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their
employers, according to a London- based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in
Britain.
1.本句为 there be 句型的变体，working in Britain 为现在分词短语作定语，修饰 servants .译文： 据
统计，在英国工作的外籍家庭佣人有两万多人
2.括号里内容：(由于处理该项事务的政府部门- 内政部-没有做过统计，精确数字不得而知)
原因状语从句中主语“内政部”有一个同位语。
3.句中"are being exploited and abused"为现在进行时被动语态，表示“正在被 …剥削和凌辱”。
"under"的意思是“低于，不到”。
"- based"意为“设(驻) 在 … 的，以 … 为基础的，以 … 为主要手段的”。
例如： shore-based aircraft 岸基飞机
the agency's Paris-based press officer 该机构驻巴黎的新闻发布官。
本句意思：根据设在伦敦的帮助在伦敦工作的外籍家庭佣人的政治组织说，
(
在两万多外籍家庭佣人中几乎有2000人正遭受雇主的剥削和虐待。
The abuse can take several forms. Often the domestics are not allowed to go out, and they do not
receive any payment. They can be physically, sexually and psychologically abused. And they can have their
passports removed, making leaving or "escaping" virtually impossible.
4."have their passports removed"是 have+宾语+过去分词的结构。
"removed"是过去分词作宾补，表示被动，意为“使得护照被拿走”。
例如: have my wallet stolen ， have the radio repaired
making … impossible 为现在分词短语作结果状语.
本句意思： 他们在身体上、性和心理上遭受凌辱。他们还会被收去护照， 使得出走或“逃跑”根
本不可能。
第二部分：
paras. 3－8
The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention
earlier this year in several highly publicised cases. In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in
Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarters that her guilt had not
been adequately established. Groups like Anti-Slavery International say other, less dramatic, cases are
equally deserving of attention, such as that of Lydia Garcia, a Filipino maid working in London:
5 .The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world 在句 中 作主 语 ， 谓语是
received 受到, "in several highly publicized cases"的意思是“在几个被高度曝光的案例中”。
本句意思：今年年初，几个透明度颇高的案例中有关世界各地的家庭女佣的悲惨状况受到新闻
媒体的关注。
" I was hired by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London in 19 89. I was
supposed to be paid ￡ 120 but I never received that amount. They always threatened that they would send
me back to my country."
6.句中"being convicted of murder"为动名词被动式作介词 "after"的宾语，表示“被判为谋杀罪”。
"that"引导protests 的同位语从句，表示抗议的内容。本句意思： 其中一个案例是讲一位菲律宾女佣
因被指控犯有谋杀罪在新加坡被处死，尽管有来自各地的抗议认为她的罪名不足以成立。
Para.5
Then there is the case of Kumari from Sri Lanka. The main breadwinner in her family, she used to
work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka. Because she found it difficult to feed her four
children, she accepted a job working as a domestic in London. She says she felt like a prisoner at the
London house where she worked.
7 .The main breadwinner in her family, she used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri
Lanka. She 是同位语 used to do sth.过去经常的动作
"No days off - ever, no breaks at all, no proper food. I didn't have my own room; I slept on a shelf with
a space of only three feet above me. I wasn't allowed to talk to anybody. I wasn't even allowed to open the
window. My employers always threatened to report me to the Home Office or the police.
Para.7
At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measures to help protect domestic workers
from abuse by their employers. This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18, getting
employees to read and understand an advice leaflet, getting employers to agree to provide adequate
maintenance and conditions, and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job ( of which the
employees should see a copy) .
8.include 后要接动名词作宾语。increasing, getting,和 getting 均为动名词短语,作 included 的宾语，
(
表示新措施包括的三项内容。
"to agree"和 "to put"并列作第二个 getting 的宾补。
"to put in writing the main terms and conditions … 的 正 常 语 序 为 to put the main terms and
conditions …
in writing , 因为作宾补的介词短语较短，而宾语较长，故把宾补提前。
本句意思：措施包括把雇工的最小年龄提高到18岁，使受雇者能阅读并理解通告单，使雇主同
意提供适当的生活费用和条件，并写出工作条件和主要的工作条款(受雇者应有此种副本)。
Para.8
However, many people doubt whether this will successfully reduce the incidence of abuse. For the
main problem facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about cruel living and working
conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so cannot change employer. (They are
allowed in the United Kingdom under a special concession in the immigration rules which allow foreigners
to bring domestic staff with them.) So if they do complain, they risk being deported.
该句的主要结构为 "For …problem … is that … ." "facing"为现在分词作定语修饰problem。"who"
引导定语从句修饰 "maids and domestics".
本句意思是：因为那些企图抗议恶劣生活和工作条件的外籍女佣和家仆所面临的主要问题是他
们没有独立的移民身份，因此不能更换雇主。
第三部分
Para.9
Allowing domestic workers the freedom to seek the same type of work but with a different employer,
if they so choose, is what groups like Anti-Slavery International are campaigning the Government for. It is,
they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery.
10.allowing ...动名词短语作主语
if they so choose...条件状语从句
what 引导表语从句,what groups … are campaigning the Government for .
We are campaining the Government for human rights .
This key is what I am looking for .
11."it is … . Which … "为强调句。 强调主语。 "they say"为插入语 。
to distinguish … from 把 … 区分开
本句意思：他们说，正是有权改变雇主的这一做法区分了雇佣制和奴隶制
附：重点句
1.There are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain (the exact
figure is not known because the Home Office, the Government department that deals with this, does not
keep statistics). There be 表"存在"的句型。
2.Of these 20,000, just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers, according to a
London- based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in Britain.
3.And they can have their passports removed, making leaving or "escaping"virtually impossible.
4.The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention
earlier this year in several highly publicised cases.
5 .In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite
protests from various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established.
Guilt n.有罪 反义词： innocence
Guilty adj.有罪的 反义词 innocente
6.Then there is the case of Kumari from Sri Lanka. The main breadwinner in her family, she used to
(
work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka.
7.This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18, getting employees to read and
understand an advice leaflet, getting employers to agree to provide adequate maintenance and conditions,
and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job (of which the employees should see a copy).
注意三个并列的动名词短语。
8 .For the main problem facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about cruel living
and working conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so cannot change
employer.
9.It is, they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery.
Text B Return of The Chain Gang
I.New Words
Title 翻译：又返回到用铁链子把囚犯们拴在一起干活的时代了
1.gang n. 1.一队，一族； 2. (囚犯， 歹徒等)一群，一帮
2.eyewitness n. 目击者； 见证人
3.unison n.一致；协调
4.interstate a. [主美]州际的
5.BBC(=British Broadcasting Corporation)英国广播公司
6.correspondent n. 1.对应物； 2.新闻通讯员，记者，通信者
7.shackle n. 1.[常 pl.]镣铐； 2.[pl.]束缚，枷锁
8.ditch n.沟，沟渠
vt./vi.开渠；筑渠
9.weed n. 1.杂草，野草； 2.水生植物
vt. 除草，拔草
10.deny vt. 1.否定，否认； 2.拒绝接受，拒绝给予
11.re-introduction n.重新采用，重新引入
12.gap n.裂口，裂缝
13.toilet n.盥洗室； 厕所
14.circus n. 1.马戏团， 杂技团； 2.马戏场， 杂技场
15.degrade vt. 1.降级，贬代； 2.堕落； 3.退化
16.plantation n. 1.种植园， 大农场； 2.植树造林
17.spokesman ([复] spokesmen) n.发言人； 代言人
18.racist n.种族主义者
a.种族主义的；种族歧视的
19.racial a.种族的
20.inhumane a.不人道的，残忍的
21.ineffective a.无效的； 不起作用的
22.civil a. 1.国民的； 民用的； 2.国内的， 民间的
23.union n. 1.工会，协会； 2.结合，联合
24.liberty n. 1.自由，自由权； 2.冒昧，失礼；
(
3.[常 pl.]特许权， 特权
25.punishment n. 1.处罚，罚，刑罚； 2.折磨，损害
26.disaffection n.不满
27.argument n. 1.争论，辩论； 2.论据，理由
Phrases and Expressions
1.to watch over 看守，照管，监视
2.in unison 完全一致地
3.to call up 1.打电话； 2.使想起， 使忆起
Porper Names
Huntsville 亨茨纬尔
Alabama 阿拉巴马
Clare Bolderson 克莱尔.博尔德森
Georgia 佐治亚
Don Claxton 唐.克莱克斯顿
Alvin Bronstein 阿尔文.布朗斯坦
Arkansas 阿肯色
重点词汇精讲：
1.deny :否认，否定
用法： deny 后要加动名词作宾语
Neil denies breaking the window, but I'm sure he did. 内尔否认打破了窗户， 但我肯定是他干的。
2.degrade : v. 降级，贬低
派生词： grade n.等级，级别
de- 是前缀表示 "reduce, remove, down, showing an opposite"的意思。
相关词汇构词法： code - decode ; value - devalue ; form - deform ; merit - demerit;
3.ineffective:无效的
反义词： effective a.有效的；
II.课文分析
Eyewitnesses say is was a scene straight out of a black and white movie from the 1950s . As the sun
rose over the fields of Huntsville, Alabama, in the American South, the convicts got down from the trucks
that had brought them there. Watched over by guards with guns , they raised their legs in unison and made
their way to the edge of the highway, Interstate 65. The BBC's Washington correspondent Clare Bolderson
was there and she sent this report:
1.chain gang 用铁链拴在一起劳动的囚犯队
2.Eyewitnesses say it was a scene straight out of a black and white movie from the 1950s.
目击者说这仿佛是直接取自20世纪50年代黑白电影的一幕。
句中宾语从句省略了引导词 that . straight 为副词,意为"直接地"
3.Watched over by guards with guns, they raised their legs in unison and made their way to the edge of
the highway, Interstate 65.他们在荷枪实弹的警卫的看守下，步伐一致地迈动双腿，向着65号州际公路
路边走去。
watched over 为过去分词短语作伴随状语。
make one's way to 去往，朝 …走去
the highway,interstate 65 (美国)65号州际公路
"They wore white uniforms with the words 'Chain Gang' on their backs and ,in groups of five, were
(
shackled together in leg irons joined by an eight- foot chain. The prisoners will work for up to 90 days on
the gang: they'll clear ditches of weeds and mend fences along Alabama's main roads . While they are
working on the sang, they'll also live in some of the harshest prison conditions in the United States. There'll
be no televisions or phone calls; many other day-to-day privileges will be denied."
The authorities in Alabama say there is a lot of support for the re- introduction of chain gangs in the
State after a gap of 30 years (the last gangs were abolished in Georgia in the early 1960s). Many people
believe it is an effective may to get criminals to pay back their debt to society.
4.Many people believe it is an effective way to get criminal to pay back their debt to society.
许多人相信这是一种让罪犯向社会还清债务的有效途径。
it 是形式宾语，不定式 to get criminal to pay back their debt to society 为实际宾语
The prisoners stay shackled when they use toilets .They reacted sharply to the treatment they are given:
5.They reacted sharply to the treatment they are given.他们强烈反抗他们所受到的待遇。
they are given 为定语从句，修饰 the treatment
Prisoner one : "This is like a circus . A zoo . All chained here to a zoo .We're all animals now."
6.All chained here to a zoo.
此句为省略句，谓语动词 are 被省略 ,应为 all are chained here to a zoo.意为：所有的人都被锁链
拴住，这里成了动物园。
Prisoner two: "It's degrading. It's embarrassing."
Prisoner three: "In chains. It's slavery!"
Six out of every ten prisoners in chains are black , which is why the chain gangs call up images of
slavery in centuries gone by , when the black people were brought from Africa in leg irons and made to
work in plantations owned by white men. Not surprisingly, although three-quarters of the white population
of Alabama supports chain gangs, only a small number of black people do. Don Claxton, spokesman for the
State Government of Alabama, insists that the system is not racist:
7.Six out of every ten prisoners in chains are black, which is why the chain gangs call up images of
slavery in centuries gone by, when black people were brought from Africa in leg irons and made to work in
plantations owned by white men.
which 引导非限定性定语从句，修饰前句话。
gone by 过去分词短语，修饰 centuries .
when 引导另一个定语从句， 修饰 centuries .
句中并列谓语是 were brought ,(were) made to work 是主语补语，因此不可以省略不动式符号to
"This isn't something that's done for racial reasons, for political reasons. This is something that's going
to help save the people of Alabama tax money because they don't have to pay as many officers to work on
the highways . And it's going go help clean up our highways and it's going to help clean up the State."
However, the re-introduction of these measures has caused a great deal of strong disagreement.
Human rights organizations say that putting prisoners in chains is not only inhumane but also ineffective.
Alvin Bronstein, member of the Civil Liberties Union, says that study after study has shown that you
cannot prevent people from committing crimes by punishment or the threat of punishment: "What they will
do is make prisoners more angry , more hostile, so that when they get out of prison, they will increase the
level of their criminal behaviour."
8."What they will do is make prisoners more angry, more hostile, so that when they get out of prison,
they will increase the level of their criminal behavious."
what 引导的主语从句中有 do,则在表语中不定式省略to
(
so that 引导结果状语从句
Civil liberties groups say that chaining people together doesn't solve the causes of crime , such as
poverty or disaffection within society. What it does is punish prisoners for the ills of society. They say the
practice takes the United States back so the Middle Age , and that it is a shame to American society. But
that' s not an argument likely to win favour among many people in the Deep south of the United states.
Alabama' s experiment is to be widened to include more prisoners, and other States, such as Arkansas and
Arizona, will very probably introduce their own chain gang schemes.
9.What it does is punish prisoners for the ills of society.
同上句 what 引导的主语从句中有 do,则在表语中不定式省略to,
1 0 . But that' s not an argument likely to win favour among many people in the Deep South of the
United States .
划线部分为形容词短语作定语，修饰 argument。
win favour 意为“赢得赞同”
be not likely to 不可能
favor 喜欢
III.语 法
There be “存在”句型
1.to be 作谓语动词单复数与后面的主语一致
例如： There are a lot of people in the room.
There is one person/ nobody in the room .
2.be 与助动词搭配作谓语
例如： There is no doubt about his guilt .
There can be very little doubt about his guilt .
3.与其它词相结合构成谓语
例如： There are estimated to be more than …
There is going to …
4.其它一些表示"存在"意义的动词也可以代替 to be 作谓语
例如： There existed a conflict .
5.除 be 之外， 谓语动词还可以用 occur ,come,live stand , lie
以及复合结构 happen to be，seem to be , be likely to be , be bound to be。例句参见书中 P.91注释1
IV.练 习
1.单词英译汉
domestic ，statistic ，diplomat ，exploit ，campaign ，execute ，convict，
despite ，deserving ，shelf，minimum ，status ，deport，
2.句子英译汉
(1) There are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain.
(2) Of these 20,000 , just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers.
( 3 ) The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media
attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases.
(4) A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests form
various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established.
(
(5) She used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka.
(6) Because she found it difficult to feed her four children, she accepted a job working as a domestic
in London.
(7) So if they do complain , they risk being deported.
(8) This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18 , getting employees to read and
understand an advice leaflet, getting employers to agree to provide adequate maintenance and conditions,
and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job (of which the employees should see a copy) .
(9)For the main problem facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about cruel living
and working conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so cannot change
employer.
(10) It is, they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery.
3.句子汉译英
(1)处理有关事务的政府部门没有做统计。
The government department that deals with relevant affairs does not keep statistics.
(2)正因为她无法养家才同意做家仆。
It was because she found it difficult to feed her family that she accepted a job working as a domestic.
(3)她是一名沙特外交官直接从菲律宾雇到伦敦来工作的。
She was hired by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London .
(4)家仆的工作状况得到了新闻媒介的关注。
The conditions of working as domestics have received media attention .
(5)雇主们总是威胁要把我们遣送回国。
The employers always threatened to send us back to our countries.
4.历年考题
(1) When they get out of prison, they ______ (increase) the level of their criminal behavior.
答案： will increase .
考点： 时间状语从句中主句用将来时， 从句用一般现在时表示将来。从句谓语动词是 get 一般
现在时， 所以从句用 will increase . (主将从现)
(2) At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measures to help ______ domestic
workers from abuse by their employers.
A. protect
B. suspect
C. expect
D. inspect
答案是： A.
考点是： protect … from 保护 … 免受 …
(3) _____ their differences, they fell passionately in love with each other.
A. As for
B. Owing to
C. Despite
D. Through
答案： C.
考点： despite 表示让步的关系。本句的意思是：尽管他们之间有分歧，但他们彼此深爱对方。
(
Text A The New Music
I.课文简介
六十年代后期在美国和英国几乎同时出现的新音乐， 它来源于已经存在的三种音乐形式：布鲁
斯 blues，摇滚乐 rock'n roll 和民间音乐 folk music 。这三种旧的音乐各自有其特点。
新音乐从这三种以及其他的音乐形式中自由地吸取元素，并发展成一种全新的、更具表现力的
音乐，它采取全新的电子乐器和扬声器技术，加上灯光背景效果，使听众融入整个音乐氛围当中。
本文从三个方面分别介绍了新音乐与旧音乐的不同点
Para. 1 The three existing music forms had their characteristics respectively.
Paras .2-4 The new music originated from the existing music forms but differs from them in three main
respects.
II.New Words
1.blues n.布鲁斯(源于美国南部黑人之中抑郁伤感的曲调)
2.rock'n'roll n.摇滚乐
3.folk n./a. 人们，家属；民间的
4.musician n.音乐家， 作曲家
5.transformation n.变化，转化；改造
6.rhythmic a.有韵律的，有节奏的
7.musically ad.在音乐方面；好听地
8.distinct a. 与其他不同的，独特的
9.consciousness n.意识，知觉；
10.youthful a.年轻的， 朝气蓬勃的
11.anti-war a. 反战的
12.sentiment n.感情，情绪
13.spontaneous a. 自发的， 本能的，自动的
14.originate vi./vt.发源；发生
15.imitator n.模仿者
16.Negro n./a.黑人，黑人的
17.eclecticism n.折中主义
18.synthesis n. 结合，合成
19.jazz n. 爵士乐
20.readily ad.乐意地， 很快地，容易地
21.limitless a.无限制的，无限的
22.instrument n.仪器，乐器
23.electronic a. 电子的
24.amplifier n.放大器
25.guitar n.六弦琴， 吉他
(
26.electronics n. 电子学
27.studio n.工作室； 播音室
28.penetrating a. 穿透的， 贯穿的，深刻的
29.thereby ad. 由此，从而
30.passive a.被动的； 消极的
31.participant n./a.参加者， 参与的
32.multimedia a./n. 多种手段的，多媒体的
33.ballroom n.舞厅
34.lighting n.照明，照明设备
Phrases and Expressions
1.to take place 发生
2.to take over 接管，接任
3.to take on 具有，担任，雇佣
Proper Name
Beatlle 披头士摇滚乐队
San Francisco 旧金山
Bob Dylan 鲍伯.狄伦
Jefferson Airplane 杰佛逊飞机
词汇精讲
rock'n'roll ＝rock and roll or rocking and reeling 摇滚乐
folk n.家属，亲属
How are all your folks?
Jazz 爵士乐
Rap music 说唱乐
Pop music 流行乐
Classical music 古典音乐
Music musician 音乐家
Musical 音乐的 musically adv.
rhythmic adj.节奏的
rhythm n.节奏，韵律
rhyme n.压韵
distinct : a.独特的， 明显的
派生词： distinction n. 区分，辨别，分清
用法： distinct … from：区分于 …
Gold is distinct form iron.金不同于铁。
I saw three distinct objects in the distance, but I cannot identify them .
我清楚地看到远处的3个物体， 但不能分辨是什么东西。
consciousness : n.意识，知觉，觉悟
派生词： conscious a.有意识的，有知觉的； consciously ad.有意识地，自觉地
subconscious a.潜意识的
He lost consciousness after his accident and never recovered it.
发生事故后，他失去了知觉，再也没有恢复。
Working in an unemployment office had helped to raise his political consciousness.
在失业办公室工作使他的政治觉悟得到提高。
(
Were you conscious of his hostility?你有没有意识到他的敌意？
anti-slavery anti- 表反对， 抗，排斥
anti-SARS 抗非典的 anti-Virus 反病毒的
sentiment 的同义词：feeling，但前者指比较细腻的感情；而 feeling 一般指感觉
spontaneous ：a. 自发的， 本能的，自动的
Her speech seemed spontaneous, but was in fact carefully prepared beforehand.
她的演讲看起来是即兴的，但实际上事先经过了精心准备。
A crowd of people gathered spontaneously at the scene of the accident.
一群人自发地聚集在事故现场。
a group of 一群
originate vt.
original a.独到的
originality n.独创，原始
Negro ＝black people 黑人 ；white people 白人
readily :乐意地， 很快地，容易地
The younger mechanic readily fixed the car.年轻的机修工很快地把车修好了。
She readily accepted his proposal of marriage.她乐意地接受了他的求婚。
词根： -less ,-ic, -cs
thereby ：adv. 由此，从而
She wished to travel abroad and thereby she could learn about different customs.
她希望能去国外旅游， 从而了解不同的风俗习惯。
He became a citizen, thereby gaining the right to vote.他成了一名公民，由此获得了选举权。
passive :被动的， 消极的
反义词： active a.积极的， 活跃的
You are passive when you allow things to happen, but do nothing . 当你让这些事发生，而不做任何事
来阻止它，你是消极的。
participant :参加者， 参与者
派生词： participate v.参加，参与； participation n.参加
All participants finishing the race will receive a medal.所有完成比赛的参与者都将得到一枚奖牌。
相关用法：participate in 参与
We should actively participate in the mass sports activities .我们应该积极参加群众性体育活动。
1.to take place:发生
take place = happen
Great changes have taken place over the past 20 years.在过去的20年里，中国发生了巨大的变化。
The strike didn't take place after all.罢工没有发生。
区别： take place 与 take the place of
take place“发生”；而 take the place of“代替”；
例如： Do you think the robots can take the place of man's tasks ?
你认为机器人能代替人的工作吗？
to take over：接管， 接任
He is going to take over my job while I am on holiday.我去度假时他将接替我的工作。
This large company has taken over many small ones.这个大公司已经接管许多小公司。
to take on 具有；担任(工作等)；雇佣
Don't take on more than you can do .不要接受你担负不了的任务。
(
The city took on a festive air.这个城市呈现出了一派节日气氛。
The firm took on a new clerk .公司雇了个新职员。
III.课文精讲
第一部分：para. 1
The new music was built out of materials already in existence: bules, rock' n'roll, folk music. But
although the forms remained, something completely new and original was made out of these older elements
- more original, perhaps, than even the new musicians themselves yet realize. The transformation took
place in 1966- 1967. Up to that time, the blues had been an essentially black medium. Rock'n'roll, a blues
derivative, was rhythmic dance music. Folk music, old and modern, was popular among college students.
The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct, and even as late as 1965, none of them were
expressing any radically new states of consciousness. Blues expressed black soul; rock was the beat of
youthful energy; and folk music expressed anti-war sentiments as well as love and hope.
1.in existence 表示现有的，已有的。 was build out of 是词组表示“从 … 当中产生”。
2."although … remained"是让步状语从句。
"completely new and original"是一个后置定语，修饰“something”。
本句意思：是虽然新音乐保留了原有的形式，但某些全新的、独创性的东西从旧的
成分中脱颖而出的--它们也许比新音乐家意识到的还要更富有独创性。
3.Up to that time ,the blues had been an essentially black medium. Rock'n'roll,
a blues derivative, was rhythmic dance music.
Up to that time,意为“到那个时候(即新音乐产生时)为止”，表示“过去的过去”，所以谓语用过
去完成时。a blues derivative 为 rock'n'roll 的同位语。
4.The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct,and even as late as 1965,none of them
were expressing any radically new state of consciousness .
musically and culturally distinct 意思是“在音乐上和文化上都是不同的”
new state of consciousness 指新的意识状态
本句意思是：新音乐是从已有的音乐：布鲁斯，摇滚乐，民间音乐中产生的。
第二部分 paras .2-4
Para.2
In 1966- 1967 there was spontaneous transformation. In the United States, it originated with youthful
rock groups playing in San Francisco. In England, it was led by the Beatles, who were already established
as an extremely fine and highly individual rock group. What happened, as well as it can be put into words,
was this . . First the separate musical traditions were brought together. Bob Dylan and the Jefferson Airplane
played folk rock, folk ideas with a rock beat. White rock groups began experimenting with the blues. Of
course, white musicians had always played the blues, but essentially as imitators of the Negro style; now it
began to be the white bands' own music. And all of the groups moved towards a broader eclecticism and
synthesis. They freely took over elements from jazz, from America country music, and as time went on
from even more diverse sources . What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable
of an almost limitless range of expression.
5 .In England, it was led by the Beatles, who were already established as an extremely fine and highly
individual rock group.
be established as 意为“被确认为”
全句大意为“在英国，这个潮流是由披头士摇滚乐队领导的，该乐队已经得到广泛认可，是一支
非常优秀且极富个性的乐队。 ”
(
6.what happened , as well as it can be put into words, was this .
as well as 像 …一样好, 比较结构，to put into words“用文字表达”
大意为“发生的情况，如果能用文字表达，就是这样。 ”
7.First the separate musical traditions were brought together.
新音乐的第一个特点： 将各种分离的音乐传统结合到一起。
8.They freely took over elements from jazz, from America country music,and as time went on from
even more diverse sources.
and 后面的并列句中可以看作是省略了"they freely took over elements."
"as time went on"表示“随着时间推移” ，as 是连词，而"readily taking on various forms"和 "capable
of an almost limitless range of expression"分别为现在分词短语和形容词短语作定语，修饰 music.
本句意思是，他们自由地吸收爵士音乐、美国乡土音乐的成分， 而随着时间的推移，他们甚至
对各种各样的音乐兼收并蓄。
9 . What happened was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless
range of expression .
What happened 是 主 语 从 句。 readily taking on various forms 是现在分词短语和形容词短语
capable of an almost limitless range of expression .都是作定语，修饰 music.
全句大意是“最后发展成一种能轻松采取多种形式的，几乎有无穷的表现力的新音乐”
Para.3新音乐的第二个特点： 广泛使用电子乐器及电子放大器技术
The second thing that happened was that all the musical groups began using the full range of electric
instruments and the technology of electronic amplifiers. The electric guitar was an old instrument, but the
new electronic effects were altogether different - so different that a new listener in 1967 might well feel that
there had never been any sounds like that in the world before. Electronics did, in fact, make possible sounds
that no instrument up to that time could produce. And in studio recordings, new techniques made possible
effects that not even an electronic band could produce live Electronic amplifiers also made possible a
fantastic increase in volume, the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand, and
thereby achieving a "total" effect, so that instead of an audience of passive listeners, there were now
audiences of total participants, feeling the music in all of their senses and all of their bones .
10.The second thing that happened was that all the musical groups began using the full range of
electric instruments and the technology of electronic amplifiers .
句中"that happened"是一个定语从句，修饰"the second thing."。
后一个"that"引导表语从句。
本句意思是：发生的第二件事是所有乐队都开始使用全套的电子乐器和电子扬声器技术。
11.so different that a new listener in 1967 might well feel that there had never been any sounds like
that in the world before.
本句中有三个 that,第一个引导结果状语从句，第二个引导表语从句，第三个是指示代词，指的
是电吉他发出的声音。注意表语从句中用的时态是过去完成时， 说明电吉他的效果与 1967年前大不
相同。
12.Electronics did, in fact, make possible sounds that no instrument up to that time could produce.
did make 为强调形式。 possible 在句中作宾语补语，提前到宾语 sounds 前, 因为它有一个较长的
定语从句修饰。
13.And in studio recordings, new techniques made possible effects that not even an electronic band
could produce live.
本句的顺序应为"In studio recordings, new techniques made effects that not even an electronic band
could produce live possible" 。"effects …live"是 made 的宾语，其中 that 引导定语从句，修饰 effect ,而
(
possible 则是 effects 的宾语补足语。因为 effects 带有一个定语从句， 从句比较长， 为避免句子不平
衡， 因此把 possible 提前。本句意思是在录音室录制时， 新技术有可能制作出甚至电子乐队现场表
演时也演奏不出的效果。
14.Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume, the music becoming as
loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand, and thereby achieving a "total" effect, so that instead of
an audience of passive listeners, there were now audiences of total participants, feeling the music in all of
their senses and all of their bones.
分词独立结构：the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand 在句中作伴
随状语。 music 是 becoming 的逻辑主语，so that 相当于结果状语从句. feeling 现在分词短语作伴随
状语。
Para.4新音乐的第三个特点： 音乐成为整个环境的一部分
Third, the music becomes a multi- media experience; a part of a total environment. The walls of the
ballrooms were covered with changing patterns of light, the beginning of the new art of the light show. And
the audience did not sit, it danced. With records at home, listeners imitated these lighting effects as best
they could, and heightened the whole experience by using drugs . Often music was played out of doors,
where nature provided the environment.
15.句中 "with records at home"是 with +名词+介词短语结构，作方式状语。
"heightened the whole experience"指“使整个体验更刺激”。
本句意思是在家里欣赏唱片时候听众尽力模仿照明效果，甚至服用毒品来增强整个音乐享受的
快感。
附：重点句
1.The new music was built out of materials already in existence: bules, rock'n'roll, folk music.
2.But although the forms remained, something completely new and original was made out of these
older elements - more original, perhaps, than even the new musicians themselves yet realize.
3.Up to that time, the blues had been an essentially black medium.
4 .The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct, and even as late as 1965, none of them
were expressing any radically new states of consciousness .
5 .In England, it was led by the Beatles, who were already established as an extremely fine and highly
individual rock group.
6.What happened, as well as it can be put into words, was this . They freely took over elements from
jazz, from America country music, and as time went on from even more diverse sources . What developed
was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression.
7 .The second thing that happened was that all the musical groups began using the full range of electric
instruments and the technology of electronic amplifiers. The electric guitar was an old instrument, but the
new electronic effects were altogether different - so different that a new listener in 1967 might well feel that
there had never been any sounds like that in the world before. Electronics did, in fact, make possible sounds
that no instrument up to that time could produce. And in studio recordings, new techniques made possible
effects that not even an electronic band could produce live.Electronic amplifiers also made possible a
fantastic increase in volume, the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand, and
thereby achieving a "total" effect, so that instead of an audience of passive listeners, there were now
audiences of total participants, feeling the music in all of their senses and all of their bones .
8.With records at home, listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could, and heightened the
whole experience by using drugs .
(
Text B Different Types Of Composers
I.New Words
Title 分析： composers :作曲家。
musician 音乐家
1.composer n.作曲家
2.inspire vt. 1．鼓舞； 2．使产生灵感
3.fruitful a.有成果的，有收获的
4.output n. 1.产量； 2.输出
5.theme n. 1.题目，主题； 2.主旋律
6.invariably ad.不变地
7.improvise vt. 1.即兴创作；2.临时准备，临时凑成
8.symphony n. 1 ．交响曲，交响乐； 2.交响乐队，交响音乐会
9.handle n.柄，把手
vt. 1.拿，弄； 2.运用，操纵； 3.经营，管理
10.constructive a..建设的， 建设性的
11.creative a.创造性的
12.notebook n.笔记本
13.preliminary a.预备的； 初步的
n.初试；预赛
14.painstaking a.苦干的； 费力的
15.traditionalist n.传统主义者；因循守旧者
16.thematic a. 1.题目的， 主题的； 2.主旋律的
17.conception n.概念，观念
18.well-established a. 1. 固定下来的； 2.得到确认的
19.temper vt. 1.[冶]使回火， 锻炼； 2.调合
20.well(-)tempered 1.脾气好的；2. (键盘乐器)调到平均律的
21.clavichord n.[音]击弦古钢琴
22.mold(=mould) n.模子；模型
vt.用模子做，浇铸
23.sake n.缘故
24.completeness n. 1.完整，圆满； 2.完成，结束
25.summarize vt./vi.概述，总结
26.diversified a. 多样化的
27.conventional a. 1.惯例的， 常规的； 2. (艺术等)因袭的
28.experimental a.实验的； 经验的
29.harmony n. 1.协调，和谐； 2.融洽，一致
30.sonority n.响亮，洪亮
31.evident a. 明显的， 明白的
Phrases and Expressions
(
1.in other words 换句话说
2.in a sense 在某种意义上
3.at a stretch 连续不断地
4.to serve as 适合
5.to belong in 应归入(类别、范畴等)
6.in advance 1 ．在前面；2．预先
7.It goes without saying that 不言而喻，理所当然
8.for the sake of 为了 …之好处； 为了 … 的目的
重点词汇精讲
1.inspire:鼓舞，使产生灵感
His qualities of leadership inspired his followers .他的领袖风范激励着他的追随者。
The design of the car has inspired many imitations.这辆轿车的设计引起了众多模仿。
2.fruitful:有成果的，有收获的
派生词： fruit n.水果
3.theme :题目，主题
thematic 主体的
Does the conference have a central theme this year?今年大会有中心议题吗？
4.handle:柄，把手；运用，操纵；经营，管理
If you can't handle the job I'll get someone else to do it.如果你应付不了这个工作，我就让别人来做。
Who handles the marketing in your company?
谁在你们公司里负责市场营销？
词组：
1.in a sense :在某种意义上
She's right, in a sense, because we did agree to wait, but only until June. 她在某种意义上是对的，因
为我们确实同意等待， 但只等到六月。
2.at stretch :连续不断地，一口气地
at a stretch stretch v.伸展 n.一段连续时间
There's no way I could work for ten hours at a stretch.我不可能连续不断地工作10个小时。
3.to serve as :适合，用作
In the absence of anything better, the sofa would serve as a bed for a couple of nights .
在没有更好的东西情况下，这个沙发可以当作床睡几个晚上。
4.for the sake of :为了 … 的目的； 为了 … 起见，由于 …缘故
The company had decided to close down this department for the sake of economy.
为了节约，这个公司已经决定关闭这个部门。
We did it for convenience's sake.我们是为了方便才这样做的。
II.课文分析
1.I can see three different types of composers in musical history, each of whom creates music in a
somewhat different fashion.
本句分析：我认为音乐史上可以区分三种不同类型的作曲家，每种作曲家音乐创作手法也各有
一定的不同。
in a … fashion :用...方式
The type that has fired public imagination most is that of the spontaneously inspired composer- the
(
Franz Schubert type ,in other words . All composers are inspired, of course, but this type is more
spontaneously inspired. Music simply wells out of him. He can't get it down on paper fast enough. You are
almost tell this type of composer by his fruitful output. In certain months, Schubert wrote a song a day.
Hugo Wolf did the same.
2.Music simply wells out of him.
well v. 喷涌，涌出
In a sense, men of this kind begin not so much with a musical theme as with a completed composition.
They invariably work best in the shorter forms . It is much easier to improvise a song than it is to improvise
a symphony. It isn't easy to be inspired in that spontaneous way for long periods at a stretch. Even Schubert
was more successful in handling the shorter forms of music. The spontaneously inspired man is only one
type of composer, with his own limitations.
3.In a sense, men of this kind begin not so much with a musical theme as with a completed
composition.
从一定意义上说， 这些作曲家与其说是从某一音乐主题开始创作，不如说他们一开始就有一个
完整作品成竹在胸。
not so much … as :与其 …不如 …
He is not so much a scientist as a poet.
与其说他是个科学家， 不如说他是个诗人。
4.It isn't easy to be inspired in that spontaneous way for long period at a stretch.
连续很长时间使自己的灵感都处于不自主状态绝非易事。
at a stretch 一口气地，不休息地
Beethoven belongs to the second type- the constructive type, one might call it. This type serves as an
example of my theory of the creative process in music better than any other, because in this case the
composer really does begin with a musical theme. In Beethoven's case there is no doubt about it, for we
have the notebooks in which he put the themes down. We can see from his notebooks how he worked over
his themes -how he would not let them be until they were as perfect as he could make them. Beethoven was
not a spontaneously inspired composer in the Schubert sense at all. He was the type that begins with a
theme; makes it a preliminary idea; and upon that composes a musical work, day after day, in painstaking
fashion. Most composers since Beethoven's day belong to this second type.
5.belong to 属于，列入，是 … 的一员
Beethoven belongs to the second type-the constructive type. 贝多芬属于第二类作曲家
Most composers since Beethoven's day belong to this second type.
自 Beethoven 时代以来，大多数作曲家属于这第二种类型。(创造型)
That dictionary belongs to me .那本词典是我的。
The third type of composer I can only call, for lack of a better name, the traditionalist type. Men like
Palestrina and Bach belong in this category. They both are characteristic of the kind of composer who is
born in a particular period of musical history, when a certain musical style is abut to reach its fullest
development. It is a question at such a time of creating music in a well-known and accepted style and doing
it in a way that is better than anyone has done it before you.
6.belong in 属于 … (一类) ， 归入 … (范畴、环境、类别等)
Men like Palestrina and Bach belong in this category.
像 Palestrina 和 Bach 这样的人属于此类范畴(传统型)
Big dogs should belong in the country , not the city.大型犬(养)在农村而不是城市。
The traditionalist type of composer begins with a pattern rather than with a theme. The creative act
(
with Palestrina is not the thematic conception so much as the personal treatment of a well-established
pattern. And even Bach, who composed forty- eight of the most various and inspired themes in his Well
Tempered Clavichord, knew in advance the general formal mold that they were to fill. It goes without
saying that we are not living in a traditionalist period nowadays .
7.The traditionalist type of composer begins with a pattern rather than with a theme.
传统主义类型的作曲家的创作开始于模式而不是主题
8.It goes without saying that we are not living in a traditionalist period nowadays .
不用说， 我们现在已不是生活在传统主义的时期.。
One might add, for the sake of completeness, a fourth type of composer -the pioneer type: men like
Gesualdo in the seventeenth century, Moussorgsky and Berlioz in the nineteenth, Debussy and Edgar
Varese in the twentieth. It is difficult to summarize the composing methods of so diversified a group. One
can safely say that their approach to composition is the opposite of the traditionalist type. They clearly
oppose conventional solutions of musical problems . In many ways, their attitude is experimental - they seek
to add new harmonies, new sonorities, new formal principles. The pioneer type was the characteristic one at
the turn of the seventeenth century and also at the beginning of the twentieth century, but it is much less
evident today.
9.One might add, for the sake of completeness, a fourth type of composer -the pioneer type:
为了全面起见，还可以加上第四种类型--先锋型
for the sake of 为了 …起见，由于 …缘故
10.One can safely say that their approach to composition is the opposite of the traditionalist type.
可以有把握的说，他们创作的方法与传统主义者类型相反。
approach to 通往 … 的方法， approach v. n.处理，探讨，方法，态度
语 法 语 序
一、语 序
主语用 S 表示，谓语用V 表示；如果谓语动词为不及物动词， 则用vi 表示；
如果谓语为系动词(link),则后面跟表语，用C 表示；如果谓语动词为及物动词，
则用 vt 表示，后面要跟宾语， 用O 表示。
(一)主语和谓语的位置 P.126
1.自然语序 主语+谓语 +宾语或表语或状语
2.倒装语序(部分倒装、全部倒装)
There are some books on the table.
Do you have a book?
Have you ever seen the film?
(1)语法结构引起的倒装
a. 由 there, now, thus, then 引起的某些句子。
b. 由 so, neither, nor 引出，表示前面所说的情况同样也适用于另一人或物的肯定句或否定句。
c.省略了 if 的虚拟条件句。
(
d.在某些让步状语从句中。
e.在某些表示祝愿的句子中。
f. 以never, little, not only,not until, hardly, scarcely, only 等表示否定或基本否定的词引出的句子中。
(2)为了表达效果修辞引起的倒装
(二)宾语的位置 P. 130
a. 宾语在多数情况下紧跟在谓语动词后面。如果有两个宾语，间接宾语通常放在直接宾语的前
面。
b. 当谓语动词加副词构成的短语动词 (如: give up, carry on 等) 担任时，如果宾语较短，特别是
当宾语是代词时，一般插在短语动词之间。
c.在下列情况下宾语通常放在主语前面。
在特殊疑问句中，当宾语是由疑问词表示或修饰时。
在感叹句中，当宾语是由 what 等词修饰时。
在从句中，当宾语由一个连接代词或关系代词表示或修饰时。
(三)定语的位置 P. 132
定语有时放在它所修饰的词的前面， 有时放在后面。
a. 当定语由一个形容词或分词担任时， 通常放在它所修饰的词的前面。
b. 当定语由短语或从句担任时，一般放在它所修饰的词的后面。
c. 当一个词由多个定语修饰时，要注意他们后面的前后顺序。
(四)状语的位置 P. 134
a. 修饰动词的状语多数放在这个动词的后面； 如果这个动词带有宾语，状语就放在这个宾语的
后面，若宾语较长，而状语较短，一般就把状语放在宾语的前面。
b. 当一个动词同时由时间状语荷地点状语修饰时，时间状语一般放在地点状语之后
c.如果一个动词带有两个时间状语或地点状语，代表较小单位的状语通常放在前面
d.较长的状语一般放在较短的状语之后。
e.有时状语可插在主语和谓语之间。
二、分词独立结构(多用于书面语， 分词在句中作时间、条件、伴随、原因状语)
1.分词隐含的逻辑主语与句子主语一致
When waiting for the bus , we had a long talk .
Hearing the news , they all jumped with joy .
If translated word by word , the sentence will be meaningless .
2.分词隐含的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致(独立结构)
The holidays being over, they began to do their work again .
Her body, with hands and feet bound, was discovered by a hiker on March 17.
with+名词＋过去分词
三、练 习
(一)单词、词组英译汉
musician rhythmic distinct consciousness originate readily instrument electronic thereby passive
participant
to take place to take over to take on in a sense
at a stretch to serve as in advance for the sake of
(二)英译汉
(
1.The new music was built out of materials already in existence.
2.Folk music, old and modern, was popular among college students.
3.They freely took over elements form jazz, from American country music.
4.With records at home, listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could.
5.In a sense, men of this kind begin not so much with a musical theme as with a completed
composition.
6.Most composers since Beethoven's day belong to this second type.
7.Men like Palestrina and Bach belong in this category.
(三)汉译英
这一章是关于热能转化成动力的。
The chapter is about the transformation of heat into power.
一群人自发地聚集在事故现场。
A group of people got together spontaneously at the scene of the accident.
这次争吵是由误会引起的。
The quarrel originated from a misunderstanding.
1949年后，军队接管了这个城市。
The army took over this city after 1949.
为了你的健康，你不应该承担太繁重的工作。
For your health,you should avoid taking on too much work.
(四)历年考题
1 . In the process of composition , it isn't easy to be inspired in a spontaneous way for long periods
a stretch. .
A. at
B. for
C. over
D. in
答案是 A。
考点：词组 at a stretch 一口气， 连续不断的
2.汉译英 新音乐是由业已存在的材料构建出来的。
The new music was built out of materials already in existence.
3.汉译英： 那时在大学生中流行的正是民间音乐。
It was folk music that was popular among college students at that time.
4.汉译英： 不用说我们现在已不是生活在传统社会。
It goes without saying that we are not living in a traditional society.
Text A Improving Industrial Efficiency through Robotics
Ⅰ ．课文简介
_____
(
机器人在工业生产中的使用越来越普遍。目前大多数的机器人用于汽车工业，此外在别的工业
领域虽然应用的程度低一些，(although toa lesser degree) 但也开始出现。它们已经可以代替人进
行一些工作。
那么机器人与自动化机械有什么不同呢？ 它们的不同在于机器人完成某一特定任务后， 可由计
算机重新编制程序去完成另一项任务。
现在科学家与工程技术人员正在研制新一代机器人， 使机器人具有视觉、有触觉、并且能够做
出关键性的决策。未来机器人将会在许多领域代替人的工作。
Paras . 1-3 Robots are used in many areas
Para.4 The difference between robots and other machines.
Paras .5-7 Technicians and engineers are trying to design new types of robots. ( will be able to see
objects; will have a sense of touch; will make critical decisions . )
Ⅱ ．New Words
词汇精讲:
1.efficiency : n .效率，功效
派生词： efficienta. 有效率的； inefficient a.无效率的；inefficiency n.无效率
These machines have raised efficiency many times .
A good manager is both competent and efficient.好的经理应当是称职而且有效率的。
区别： efficient 和 effective
efficient a .有效率的； effective a.有效的
2.robotics:机器人学，机器人技术
3.robot:机器人； 自动控制装置
4.increasingly : ad. 日益，越来越多
派生词： increase v.增加，提高； increasing a.越来越多的；
He is increasingly rude to me.他对我越来越粗鲁。
This argument became increasingly bitter.他们的争论越来越激烈。
Bitter:激烈的， 怀恨在心的。
Industrial production as a whole increased by 20 percent. 工业生产总体上增长了20%。
It’ll be some time before supply can keep up with the increasing demand.
Keep up with :赶上，同步。
随着需求的不断增长， 一段时间以后供应也会上升。
5.prevalent: a. popular 流行的， 普通的
6.automotive : 1.自动的， 机动的； 2.汽车的
automotive industry:汽车工业
7.weld ：vt./n.焊接
spot-welding:点焊
8.spray: n. 1.浪花，水花； 2.喷雾，喷雾状物
vt. 喷；向 … . 喷射；喷涂
vi. 喷；溅散
spray painting:喷漆
9.cast : vt. 1.投，扔， 抛，掷； 2.投射(光，影，视线等) (on, at) ; 3.浇铸，铸造
n. 1.投，掷； 2.模具； 3.演员(阵容)
10.frame n.架构，框架
(
11.install: vt.安装
12.appliance n. 1.应用，适用； 2.用具，器械
13.calculator n.计算者； 2.计算器
14.radioactive a. [原]放射性的；放射引起的
15.personnel ：n.全体人员，全体职工； 人事(部门)
person:可数名词
people:集合名词
personal : a.个人的
派生词： person n.人； personal a.个人的， 私人的
All personnel will receive an extra week’s vacation.全体人员将获得额外的一星期假期。
The new director of the TV station is likely to make major change in personnel.
电视台的新台长有可能做很大的人事变动。
I can’t insist upon my personal opinion.我不能坚持个人的观点。
16.expose ：vt.暴露，揭露
派生词： exposure n.暴露，揭露
用法： to expose to 将 …暴露于 …之下；使 …面临 …
Parents should not expose the children to violent program.父母不应该让孩子接触暴力节目。
When she went to college, Mary was exposed to a lot of new ideas.
玛丽上大学后接触到许多新思想。
We should expose children to new ideas.我们应该让孩子们接触新思想。
17.radiation: n.放射，发光
18.reduction : n.减少，减小
reduce v.减少，减小
19.automatic : a. 自动的； 无意识的
auto-：前缀， 表自动
20.reprogramme: v.再次(重新)设定程序
21.completion: n.完成，结束
complete: v.完成
22.specific: a.特有的， 特定的
special:特殊的
23.switch：n. / v 开关，转换
Change 、shift：改变， 变换，转换
Having considered that problem, they switched their conversation to other matters .
考虑了那个问题后，他们把话题转到其他问题上。
None of us wisshes to switch back to the old system.我们谁也不愿意回复到旧制度。
In the last three years, he switched from one profession to another.
在过去的三年里，他从一个职业转向另一个职业。
turn on/off: switch on/off 打开、接通/关闭
24.critical: a.批评的， 对 …谴责的， 紧要的，危急的
criticize ( se ) : v.批评
criticism n.批评
派生词： criticize v.批评，批判； criticism n.批评； critic: n.评论家
His critical analysis was helpful.他的批评性分析很有帮助。
The patient was in a critical condition.病人处于危险的情况。
(
The old man was critical of the boy’s impolite behavior.
那个老人不满意男孩的不礼貌行为。
At the critical moment, we should be capable of facing any difficulties.
be capable of: be able to
在关键时刻，我们应该有能力面对一切困难。
He is critical of her ignorance of law.对于她对法律的无知， 他持批评态度。
25.digital: a.手指的， 指状的； 2.数字的， 计数的
digit n.数字、手指
26.camera: n.照相机， 摄影机
27.light-sensitive: a. 光敏的
28.intensity: n.强烈；剧烈
派生词： intense a.强烈的， 剧烈的
名词后缀：intensity
The pain increased in intensity.疼痛加剧了。
The intensity of the play left the audience numbed.这部戏的紧张程度使观众麻木了。
29.grayscale 灰度
30.brightness n. 1.明亮，晴朗, 2.聪敏，机灵
31.scale n.刻度；规模；比例尺
They are making war preparations on a large scale.他们正大规模地搞战备。
The scale is an inch to the mile. 比例是用一英寸代表一英里。
32.shade n. 阴影；遮光物
shades of gray/red/green/blue (颜色变化的程度)
33.calculation n.计算
34.defective: a.有缺点的，有缺陷的
35.assemble: vt.集合，装配
vi.集合
fit together：组装在一起
36.attendant :n. 1.服务员， 2.出席者
attend: v. 出席
37.fireman: n. 消防队员
firefighter:消防队员
38.housekeeper: n.管理家务的主妇；女管家
词组： phrases and expressions
1.to expose to +名词 “暴露，面临，接触”
例：一个接触了英语两年的学生 a student who has been exposed to English for 2 years
你以前可能接触过这种思想 You may have exposed to this idea before.
2.in that:在于，原因是
in that 不能引导定语从句
in which 介宾结构，可引导定语从句
but that:若不是
now that:既然
Men are different from other animals in that the former can create and use tools while the latter cannot.
人与动物的不同之处在于，人会制造和使用工具而其他动物则不能。
I like the city, but I like the country better in that I have more friends in the country.
(
我喜欢城市，但我更喜欢农村，因为在农村我有许多朋友。
3.in between:在中间.
4.in question：正被谈论的
the object …under consideration
Where are the girls in question?谈论中的女孩们在哪？
That’s not the point in question.那不是要考虑的问题。
区别： in question ，out of question ，out of the question
out of question 没有问题；
To pass the exam is out of question.通过考试没问题。
out of the question 不可能
Their victory is out of the question; they’ve lost too many men.
他们是不可能胜利的， 他们损失的人太多。
5.plenty of： 充足，大量 = a lot of
There was plenty of work for them to do.有很多工作需要他们做。
I have plenty of humorous tales.我有许多幽默的故事。
Tale: story
work on:从事
Convert into
to convert into: to change … into
Ⅲ．课文精讲
第一部分： Paras . 1—3
Robots, becoming increasinglyprevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed
world, are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human intervention.
Para. 1
1. 第 一 句 中 “ becoming increasingly prevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the
developed world”是现在分词短语作伴随状语，插在主语和谓语中间(也可放在句首)。
在翻译时可以按照原文语序，即“机器人在所有发达国家的工厂和其他工业部门里日益得到普
遍的应用，通过编程和策划在无人干预的条件下完成工业生产任务。 ”
engineer: v.策划，设计，制造
perform:执行
plant n.工厂，车间，生产部门
factory n.工厂，制造厂
Para.2
2.Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take
over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies .
take over:接管
lorry:卡车
where 引 导非限制性定语从句，对主句起补充说明作用。翻译时，按照原文语序即可。“目前大
多数机器人用于汽车工业，它们按编程去承担轿车和卡车车身的焊接和喷漆这样的工作。 ”
3.They also load and unload hot, heavy metal forms used in machines casting automobile and truck
frames.
此句中， “ casting automobile and truck frames”是现在分词词组作定语修饰 machines,意思是：“铸
(
造轿车和卡车框架的机械”； 而 “used in machines casting automobile and truck frames”又是 “ metal
forms ”的定语，因此本句的意思是：“机器人还可用来装卸铸造轿车和卡车框架的机械上使用的炽热、
笨重的金属铸模(构件)。”
Para.3
4.Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field , are beginning to be seen, although
to a lesser degree, in other industries as well.
本句中， “ already taking over human tasks in the automotive field”是现在分词词组作非限定性定
语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句。其中 “ although to a lesser degree”是状语。 “ to … degree ”表示“在
某种程度上”。
翻译：“除了在汽车生产领域替代工人劳动外， 机器人也开始在别的工业部门应用，虽然应用
的程度上低一些。 ”
5 .There they build electric motors, small appliances, pocket calculators, and even watches.
在其它领域机器人用来做电机，小的用具，袖珍计算器，甚至是手表。
6.The robots used in nuclear power plants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human
personnel from being exposed to radiation.
句中” nuclear power ” :核电站
“used in nuclear power plants”是过去分词短语作定语修饰“the robots”此句话谓语是“ handle ”意思
是搬运， 处理。
prevent from : 阻止做 … .
eg. The medicine will prevent you from getting cold.
“preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation” 是 分 词 作 状 语 。 “prevent … from
doing sth. ”是固定搭配表示“阻止 …做…”
These are the robots responsible for the reduction in job-related injuries in this new industry.
be responsible for :对 … .负责任
在新的工业领域中机器人用来减少所有与工作有关的事故的发生。
第二部分 Para.4
7.What makes a robot a robot and not just another kind of automatic machine?
make 可带有双宾语
译文：是什么使得一个机器人是机器人而不是一个自动化机器呢？
例如： All work and no play made Jack a dull boy.只工作不玩使杰克成了傻孩子。
(只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。 只会工作不会玩儿，杰克变成小傻孩儿。)
8 . Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be
reprogrammed by a computer to do another one.
在此句中， “ in that”是复合连词。表示：“原因是 … ，因为，在于..”可以看作是引导原因状语从
句。
与“in that”相类似的复合连词还有：but that (若不是) now that (既然) 等。
(参看教材 P. 145的注释4中的例句)
9 .As an example, a robot doing spot welding one month can be reprogrammed and switched to spray
painting the next。
句中 doing spot welding one month 是分词短语作定语修饰 robot；
the next 相当于 the next month 与前边的 one month 相呼应。
本句意思是： “例如，一个机器人这个月做点焊工作，下个月可以重新编程去做喷漆工作。 ”
10.Automatic machines, on the other hand, are not capable of many different uses; they are built to
(
perform only one task.
自动化机床，没有能力去做许多不同用途，它们被制造出来只是做一件事情。
第三部分 Paras.5 7
Para.5
39.The next generation of robots will be able to see objects, will have a sense of touch, and will make
critical decisions.
下一代机器人将会有视觉、触觉并且能够做关键性的决策。
40. Engineers skilled in microelectronics and computer technology are developing artificial vision for
robots.
skilled 是过去分词短语作定语
artificial :人工的
在微电子学和计算机技术上有专长的工程技术人员正研制机器人的人工视觉。
3.With the ability to "see", robots can identify and inspect one specific class of objects out of
a stack of different kinds of materials。
identify:识别
inspect:检查
介词短语中“to see”是动词不定式作定语修饰 “ ability” 。 “ out of …”表示 “从 …里” 。 句中 with
the ability to see 是作全句的状语。
本句翻译：拥有了这种看的能力，机器人能够识别出不同种类的物体。
4 . One robot vision system uses electronic digital cameras containing many rows of light- sensitive
materials.
一种机器人的视觉系统是用含有光敏材料的数字摄像机制作成的。
5.When light from an object such as a machine part strikes the camera, the sensitive materials measure
the intensity of light and convert the light rays into a range of numbers.
“ when light from an object such as a machine part strikes the camera,”是 一 个 状 语 从 句 。 句 中 的
“ from an object such as a machine part”是介词短语作后置定语修饰 light。
意为： “当一个物体(如机器零件)上的光线照射到摄像机上时， … …
主句中“ convert … into ”意思是“把 …转换成.. ”
例： We converted the small bedroom into a second bathroom.
我们把这个小卧室改成了另一个浴室。
a range of :一个 … .范围
The numbers are part of a grayscale system in which brightness is measured in a range of values . One
scale ranges from 0 to 15, and another from 0 to 255.
翻译： 数字是灰度系统的一部分，在灰度系统中，一个范围内的亮度用一些数字被测量表示。
一个刻度范围是0到15，另一个是0到225。
The 0 is represented by black. The highest number is white. The numbers in betweenrepresent
different shades of gray.
数字“0”代表黑色， “255”代表白色。这两个数字之间的是各种不同灰度的颜色。
The computer then makes the calculationsand converts the numbers into a picture that shows an image
of the object in question.
翻译：计算机将数字转变为图像，这些图像能够表明物体的形象。
12.It is not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision.
本句的真正主语是 “ whether”引导的主语从句， it 是形式主语；
(
“ as good as human vision”是后置定语修饰 “ vision”。
注意此句按照原语序翻译较好。 “迄今尚不清楚机器人会不会有朝一日具有人眼那样的视力。 ”
Technicians believe they will, but only after years of development.
技术人员相信要使它变成现实，只能等待若干年之后。
Para.6
1 . Engineers working on other advances are designing and experimenting with new types of metal
hands and fingers, giving robots a sense of touch.。
句中 working on other advances 是现在分词短语作后置定语修饰 engineers.
giving robots a sense of touch 是现在分词短语作结果状语。
从事其它领域的工程师，正在设计新型的手和手指，以便给机器人增添触觉。
Other engineers are writing new programs allowing robots to make decisions such as whether to
discard defective parts in finished products. To do this, the robot will also have to be capable of identifying
those defective parts.
discard：抛弃
defective:有缺陷的
疑问词 ＋ to do sth.
what to do
how to do
疑问词是 why 的时候要省略 to,通常用于否定。
Eg. Why not ask him.
其他的工程师，正在编一些允许机器人做出决策的程序，例如，是否抛弃那些有缺陷的零部件。
为了做到这些，机器人也必须能够识别出那些有毛病的零部件。
Para.7
14.These future robots, assembled with a sense of touch and ability to see and make decisions , will
have plenty of work to do.
此句中 “ assembled … decisions”是一个过去分词作状语。 “ to see and make decisions
是不定式短语作定语修饰 ability。
assemble 装备
15.They can be used to explore for minerals on the ocean floor or in deep areas of mines too dangerous
for humans to enter.
句中 explore 是不及物动词，词义是“勘探，勘察”，后面跟介词 for,
too … to 太 … 以致不能 … ,太 …所以不 …
例： It’s too cold for us to go swimming .天气太冷，我们不能去游泳 。
全句大意是： “它们可用在海底探矿或进入对人有危险的矿井深处。
They work as gas station attendants, firemen, housekeepers,and security personnel.
本句翻译：机器人也能够作为煤气站的服务员，救火队员等保安作用。
Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.
想要了解未来工业的机器人，必须了解机器人学。
Ⅳ ．重点句子：
1 . Robots, becoming increasinglyprevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed
world, are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human intervention.
2.Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take
(
over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies .
强调非限定性定语从句的引导词”where ”
3 . They also load and unload hot, heavy metal forms used in machines casting automobile and truck
frames.
注：分词短语作定语。
4.Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field , are beginning to be seen,
现在分词短语作定语
5.The robots used in nuclear power plants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human
personnel from being exposed to radiation.
used 过去分词短语作
preventing：伴随状语
6 . Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be
reprogrammed by a computer to do another one.
7 .As an example, a robot doing spot welding one month can be reprogrammed and switched to spray
painting the next.
Reprogrammed 与 switched 是并列的
8 .With the ability to "see", robots can identify and inspect one specific class of objects out of a stack
of different kinds of materials.
to "see"：不定式作后置定语
9.When light from an object such as a machine part strikes the camera, the sensitive materials measure
the intensity of light and convert the light rays into a range of numbers.
本句练习翻译
10.It is not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision.
11.Engineers working on other advances are designing and experimenting with new types of metal
hands and fingers, giving robots a sense of touch.
12.These future robots, assembled with a sense of touch and ability to see and make decisions, will
have plenty ofwork to do.
assembled with …过去分词短语作定语
13.They can be used to explore for minerals on the ocean floor or deep areas of mines too dangerous
for humans to enter.
Too …to 太 … 而不能……
Text B Predicting Earthquakes
Ⅰ ．New Words
1.earthquake n.地震
2.warning n.警告；警报
a.警告的
(
3.forecast vt. 1.预测，预报； 2.预示
Eg: They forecast a large drop in unemployment over the next two years.
他们预测，在未来的两年中失业率会大大下降。
Snow has been forecast for tonight.预报今晚有雪。
同义词： predict v.预测，预言(参见 Unit 1生词)
4.giant n. 1.巨人； 2.巨物，巨大的动物
a. 巨大的
5.shift vt./vi.替换；转移
n. 1.转换，转移； 2.轮班
[同义词] switch 、change
6.fault n. 1.缺点，毛病； 2.错误，过失；
7.seismic a. [地]断层,地震的
8.precede vt.先于 … ，比 …优先
vi.在前面， 居前，领先
9.radon n.氡
10.decay vi. 1.腐朽，腐烂； 2.衰败； 3.[原]衰变
vt.使腐朽， 使腐烂
n. 1.腐朽，腐烂； 2.衰败
11.radium n.镭
12.underground a. 1.地下的； 2.秘密的， 隐蔽的
ad. 1.在地下；
13.speculate vi.思索；推测(on / upon, about)
vt. 1.投机； 2.思索，推测
eg: So far, the police can only speculate on the possible motives for the killing.
到目前为止，警方还只能推测这起杀人案的动机。
Scientists have been speculating on the origin of life.科学家们一直在思索生命的起源。
speculator :思索者， 投机者
speculation: n.
speculative :a.
14.subside vi. 1.沉淀； 2.沉降，下沉； 3.平静下来，平息，减退
15.datum ([复]data) n. 1.资料，材料； 2.数据
16.reliability n.可靠性
17.partial a. 1.偏袒的， 偏心的，对 … 偏袒(to)；
2.部分的， 不完全的
Eg: Thejudge’s decision should be partial to no parties.法官的决定不应偏袒任何一方。
The police have only a partial description of the suspect.警察对嫌疑犯的描述是不完全的。
18.up-to-date a. 1.最新的， 现代化的； 2.直至目前的
Eg: They are up-to-date development on the computer industry.它们是计算机工业的最新发展。
An up-to-date map 最新版地图
19.analyze vt.分析
20.eastern a. 1.东方的， 东部的； 2.向东方的，来自东方的
western
southern
northern
(
Phrases and Expressions
1.to work on 1.从事 … ；2.对 …有影响
2.to set up 1.设立，建立； 2.建立，提出
3.on the alert 警戒，处于戒备状态
Eg: Passengers on buses should be on the alert against pick-pockets .公共汽车上的乘客应提防扒手。
Nuclear-armed bombers were on the alert during the crisis.核武装轰炸机在危机期间处于警戒状态。
be caused by 由 … 引起
be involved in 卷入，投入，参与
be associated with 与有关
Ⅱ ．重点句子讲解：
1.They hope to develop an early warning system that can be used to forecast earthquakes so that lives
can be saved .他们希望研究出一种能够用来预报地震的早期预警系统，以拯救生命。
该句中 that 引导的定语从句修饰 an early warning system。
so that 引导目的状语从句说明前边的复合句。
2.The nations that are actively involved in earthquake prediction programs include Japan, China,
Russia, and the United States.
定语从句中短语 be involved in … “参加，参与”
Eg ：All the children were involved in the school play.所有的孩子都参加了学校排练的剧。
The four men were all involved in organizing and carrying out the murders. 这四个人都参与组织和
实施
了这些谋杀案。
3.These networks are on the alert for warning signs that show the weakening of rock layers that can
precede an earthquake .
这些网络始终处于戒备状态，搜索地震前岩石可能松动的警告迹象。
第一个定语从句修饰 warning signs
第二个定语从句修饰 the weakening of rock layers
4.Scientists speculate that the amount of radon increases in the ground when rocks layers shift,
exposing new rocks , and thus more radon.
科学家推测，当岩层位移时，露出新岩石，地下氡的含量会增加，因此就产生更多的氡。
exposing new rocks , and thus more radon.分词短语作动词 shift 的结果状语
5.However, all the scientists agree that more data is necessary to prove thatradon levels in water are
associated with the possible birth of an earthquake.
be associated with :与 … .有关
但是， 所有科学家都同意还需要有更多的数据才能证明水中氡含量与可能发生地震之间有着联
系。
在宾语从句中又有一个 that 引导的宾语从句
6.While this is a small start, it is still a beginning.
尽管这是一个小的开端，但毕竟还只是处于初始阶段。
While 在本句中引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然”
conj .
(
(1)引导让步状语从句
(2)引导时间状语从句时表示“在 …之间”
(3)表示两个并列关系的转折， “而，然而”
n.一回儿
eg. Wait a while 等一会儿
still conj .毕竟，尽管如此
ad.还，仍然，仍旧
n.静物
a.静止的， 不动的
stand still 站着不动
Ⅲ ．补充语法：
不定式在句中的作用
不定式除了不可以作谓语之外，它可以担任句子的成分有：主语、表语、宾语、
定语、状语和补语。 常用来表示未来要做的事，以及愿望、打算、决心等
1.主语
To sum up experience is important.
It is important to sum up experience. ( it 为形式主语)
2.表语
Our aim (goal) is to pass the exam. Our objective is to master English.
master v.掌握
n.主人
3.宾语
常用不定式作宾语的及物动词有：
want, like, wish, hate, hope, expect, manage, try, desire, intend,
prefer, mean, decide, promise, agree, disagree, refuse, choose,
long (渴望) , plan, offer, happen, fail, pretend, care, learn, continue
start, begin, forget,
例句： Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.
(另外不定式还可以作一些形容词的宾语，如：able, unable, afraid , willing, sure, free, please, sorry ,
ready , glad ， eager)
4.定语
不定式作定语一定要放在所修饰的中心词之后。
(1)With the ability to "see", robots can identify and inspect one specific class of objects out of a stack
of different kinds of materials.
(2) These future robots, assembled with a sense of touch and ability to see and make decisions, will
have plenty of work to do.
(3) I have a few words to say.
5.状语
用于修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子，表示目的、结果、原因、程度等
结果状语
Atoms are too small to be seen.
…deep areas of mines too dangerous for humans to enter.
(
目的状语
We should be quiet so as not to disturb others .
He sold newspapers in order to earn money for his family.
6.补语
不定式常用于下列单词后作补语： ask, enable, tell, force
He asks me to call him at 10 a.m. (不定式作宾语补语)
I am asked to call him at 10 a.m. (不定式作主语补语)
注意： I notice him leave the classroom. (宾语补语可省略不定式符号 to)
He is noticed to leave the classroom. (主语补语不可省略不定式符号 to)
表示感觉类的词，后面的宾语补语可以省略，但这类词所在的句子如果变为被动语态，
后面的”to”必须加上，即主语的补语，不能省略“to”.
不定式有三种时态，也有被动语态 ( 各举一例)
I am willing to do sth.
I am glad to be working with you.
I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
It is a pleasure for me to be invited.
Ⅳ．练习
一.单词、词组英译汉
efficiency increasingly install personnel expose reduction completion specific switch critical intensity
scale defective in that in question plenty of
三、汉译英
1.近几年， 机器人的应用越来越广泛和深入。
In recent years, the use of robots is becoming increasingly wider and deeper.
Robots are used more and more widely and deeply in recent years.
Robots have been increasingly used wider and deeper in recent years.
2.新开发的机器人有触觉，可以看见物体，还能做决定。
The newly-developed robots have a sense of touch, are able to see objects, and can make decision as
well.
3.机器人在汽车行业应用广泛。
Robots are employed widely in the automotive industry.
The use of robots in the automotive industry is prevalent.
4.感光材料、数字照相机都是照相器材。
Light– sensitive materials and digital cameras are all photographic equipment.
5.机器人与自动化机器有重大的区别。
There is a significant difference between robots and automatic machines .
There are major differences between robots and automatic machines .
历年考题：
1.Most today’s robots are employed in the automotive industry, _____ they are programmed to take
over such jobs as welding and spray painting. (99.4)
A.as
(
B.which
C.when
D.where
答案： D
考点： where 引导的非限定定语从句，修饰 automotive industry.
2.Robots differ from automatic machines in _____ after completion of one specific task, they can be
reprogrammed to be another one. (00.4)
A. which
B.that
C.how
D. whether
答案： B
考点： in that 复合连词引导原因状语从句，表示“在于”。
3.Robots , already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning ______ ( see ) in
other industries as well. (00.4) (01.10)
答案： to be seen
考点： begin to do sth.所以用动词不定式，而且用被动式。
4 .Anyone ______ (want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.
(00.10) (01.4)
答案： wanting
考点：现在分词短语作定语修饰 anyone。
5.The nations that ______ actively _______ (involve ) in earthquake prediction programs include
Japan, China, Russia, and the United States.
答案： are involved
考点：词组： be involved in sth.
6.汉译英： 机器人将要在哪些领域替代人的工作呢？ (00.10)
答案： In what field will robots take over human tasks?
7.It is not yet known ______ computers will one day have vision as good as human vision .
A. whether
B.if
C.that
D.how
答案： A
考点： whether 引导的主语从句。
8 .Robots, ______ (become) increasingly prevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the
developed world, are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human intervention.
答案： becoming
考点：现在分词作状语。
Robots , becoming ______ (increase) prevalent in factories , are programmed and engineered to do
more jobs.
答案： increasingly
9.There networks are on the ______ for warning signs that show the weakening of rock layers that can
precede an earthquake. (01.10)
A. eagerness
(
B.alarm
C.alert
D.guard
答案： C
考点： Text B 中的短语 on the alert
10.汉译英： 近年来，计算机在各个领域的应用越来越广泛。
In recent years, the application of computers is becoming wider and wider in all fields.
In recent years, computers are used more and more widely in all fields.
In recent years, computers have been increasingly used in all fields.
Text A Leisure and Leadership
I.课文简介
title:
leisure: free time, spare time, freedom from work 休闲
lead v.领导 a.领导的 n.领导；铅
leader n.领导人； leadership n.导向，引导
第一部分：现代 人 越 来越 重 视休 闲活 动与生 活 质量。
Paras . 1-2 As far as "quality of life" is concerned, leisure plays an important role in life.
第二部分：不同的人对休闲时间的利用也不一样， 主要取决于他们的工作性质和生 活方式。
Paras .3-6 The specific use of leisure varies from person to person.
第三部分：我们需要从社会中获得各种兴趣。大众在积极利用休闲方面需要指引和 领导。
Paras .7-9 We acquire interests in a variety of things and subjects from our society.
第四部分：休闲有可能影响我们的工作。
Para. 10 Leisure will in return encourage academic work.
(说明：研究表明，在就业工作中的劳动者不能发挥任何创造性，而玩乐的作用之一， 就是帮
助人们表达在就业工作中被压抑的潜在性，重新找回自我。在今后我国将会出现娱乐指数，出现休
闲支出的年增长率，这可能成为国家经济发达与否的一个隐性指标。)
II.New Words
1.leadership n.领导；领导人员
2.research n./vi.研究，调查
3.attach vt. 固定住,系；附加；把(重点) 放在
4.possession n.有，拥有
5.satisfaction n.满意，满足
6.relaxation n.松弛，放松
7.desirable a.称心的， 合意的，理想的
8.occupation n. 占领；占有；职业
9.portray vt.描绘，描写
(
10.urban a. 城市的， 都市的
11.stressful a.紧张的， 压力重的
12.loom vi. 隐隐呈现，逼近
13.renewal n.更新，重新开始
14.underlie vt.支撑；构成
15.acquire vt.获得，得到
16.recognition n.认出，承认
17.impart vt.把 …分给，给予
18.positive a. 明确的， 确实的；积极的；正的，阳性的
19.motivate vt.作为 … 的动机； 激发
20.relevant a.贴切的， 中肯的
21.communicator n.传播者， 传播工作者
22.participation n.参加，参与
23.attainment n.达到，到达
Phrases and Expressions
1.be concerned with 关于，涉及，忙于；关心，关切
2.to attach importance to 认为 …很重要
3.to take to 开始从事；养成 … 的习惯
4.to put … to use 使用，利用
5.be relevant to 与 …有关
6.on the part of 就 …而言
7.to set … as objective 把 …作为目标
词汇精讲:
1.attach :vt. 固定住， 系；附加；把(重点)放在
She attached a chain to the dog's collar.她把链条拴在狗的项圈上。
She attaches great importance to being financially independent .
她认为在经济上独立很重要。
Passengers should attach labels to their bags before boarding the airplane.
旅客在登机前必须在提包上拴上标签。
2.possession: n.有，拥有，pl.财产(总称，不强调每件东西的价值)
对比 belongings n.
派生词： possess v.拥有，有
He lost most of his possessions during the war.
战争期间他丢失了大部分财产。
He's had possession of the house for ten years .
他拥有这所房产已有十年。
She has never really been interested in material possessions .
她从未对物质财富产生过兴趣。
satisfy v.满意
relax v.放松
3.desirable ：a.称心的， 合意的，理想的
派生词： desire v.希望，愿望
用法：用在 It is desirable that …句型中， that 从句里谓语动词要用(should) +动词原形。
It is desirable that he should attend the meeting.
(
他参加会议是最理想的了。
He has a highly desirable job.他有一份非常称心的工作。
We desire your early reply to this inquiry.
我们期待对这个询问早日回复。
occupy v. 占领，占用
describle 描绘
suburban a.郊外的
stress v./n.紧张， 压力
renewal v.重新开始，更新
lie v.躺 过去式和过去分词： lay, lain;现在分词：lying
lay v.放置 过去式和过去分词： laid, laid
4.acquire ：vt.获得，得到 同义词 obtain v.
She acquired an original painting by Van Gogh.
她得到了一幅梵高的原画。
I acquired a little Spanish while I was in Peru.
我在秘鲁时学到了一点西班牙语。
区别： acquire 与 require
require v.需要，需求
recognize v.认出 认识
impart 同义词： give
5.positive ：a. 明确的， 确实的；积极的，
反义词： negative a. 消极的， 否定的
active a.积极的
反义词： passive a. 消极的
He gave positive instructions .他给了明确的指示。
Can you be positive about what you saw?你能肯定你所见到的东西吗？
He always adopts a positive attitude when correcting student's mistakes .
他在纠正学生的错误时总是采取积极的态度。
Motivate 作“激励，鼓励”讲时，同义词：
encourage v.激励，鼓励
6.relevant : a.贴切的， 中肯的，与 … 有关的
派生词： relevance n.相关； irrelevant adj.不相关的，不贴切的
用法： be relevant to 与 …相关
Topics for conversation should be relevant to the experience and interests of the students.
谈话的题目应该与学生的经历与兴趣有关。
Any relevant information should be given to the police.任何有关信息都应交给警察。
His colour isn't relevant to whether he is a good lawyer.他的肤色与他是否是个好律师无关。
communicator n.传播者、发报机。其动词为：
communicate v.交流
communicator n.传播者； 发报机
participant n.参加者 a.参加的
participate v.参加
attain v.完成，达到
词组：
(
1.be concerned with：关于， 关切，关注
Her job is something concerned with computers 她的工作与电脑有关。
Your parents are concerned with your health.你父母总是很关心你的健康。
相关词组：be concerned about 关心，担心
2.to attach importance to 认为 …很重要
3.to take to ： 养成.. 的习惯； 开始喜欢 …
She was so depressed she took to drugs .
她极度沮丧以至染上了吸毒的习惯。
She's taken to tennis like a duck to water.
她开始喜欢上网球，而且如鱼得水。
相关词汇：take up 从事，占据； take over 接管，接任； take on 具有，承担，呈现
4.to put …to use 使用；利用
to put to good use 充分利用
5.on the part of :就 …而言
There was no further hesitation, at least on his part, as to what was to be done.
至少对他来说，关于下一步要做什么没有在犹豫。
as to = as for 关于至于
I have done nothing wrong on my part.我什么也没做错。
on one's part of 在某人这一方面
6.to set … as objective：把 …作为目标
The company tries to set the improvement of quality as their objective.
这个公司把提高质量作为他们的目标。
Schools should set students' development in an all-round way as their objective.
学校应该把学生的全面发展作为自己的目标。
all round = all-around 全方位的
be involved in 参与，介入
to amount to 等价于， 等同于，实际上
to come into contact with 与。。。接触
III.课文精讲
第一部分：Paras . 1--2
Observations and research findings indicate that people in advanced industrial societies are
increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure and what they can do in their leisure time.
Observation (n.) → observe (v.)
1.indicate vt.指出，表明。 带有两个并列宾语从句,分别由 that 和 what 引导。
观察与研究成果表明，生活在先进的工业化社会的人们越来越关心休闲的机会和休闲中他们能
干些什么。
The importance people attach to paid holidays and the rapid development of service for mass
entertainment and recreation are signs of this increasing concern.
2. 此句主语较长( 划线部分) ， 分 为两个部分 ， 即 ： "The importance people attach to paid
holidays""paid holidays" 意为 “ 带 薪 假期 ” (人们对带薪休假的重视) 和"the rapid development of
services for mass entertainment and recreation" (大众娱乐服务的快速发展)。其中 "people attach to paid
holidays"是定语修饰 "importance"。
人们赋予带薪休假的重要性和大众娱乐服务的快速发展是日益关注这一问题的标志。
(
The term "quality of life" is difficult to define. It covers a very wide scope such as living environment,
health, employment, food ，family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and
so on. Generally speaking, the quality of life, especial as seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of
the degree to which these various areas of life are available or provide satisfaction to the individual.
3.Generally speaking, the quality of life, especial as seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of
the degree to which these various areas of life are available or provide satisfaction to the individual。
"especially as seen by the individual"是定语从句，其中的关系代词 as 作主语，相当于 which is，
谓语动词中省去了 is。意思是"特别是在个人看来(个人所认为的生活质量) "
词组 "in terms of"的意思是“根据，按照；在 …方面，就 …而言”。
例如： In terms of education, every person should have opportunity.
就教育来说，每个人都应该有机会。
" to which these various areas of life are available or provide satisfaction to the individual"是定语从
句修饰 " the degree"。
一般来说，生活质量，特别在个人看来， 其意义是由这些不同的生活领域可以供个人享受或者
可以使个人满意的程度来衡量的。
词组" to … degree"到 …程度
例如： We're all involved in this matter, but to different degrees.
我们都与此事有牵连， 但程度不一样。
The number of terrorist attacks has increased to a frightening degree. 恐怖袭击的次数上升到一个令
人恐惧的程度。
第二部分：Paras .3--6
As activity carried out as one thinks fit during one' s spare time leisure has the following functions:
relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies
according to the nature of one's job and one' s life-style. Thus, people who need to exert much energy in
their work will find relaxation most desirable in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional
occupations may tend more to seek recreation and personal development ( e.g. , cultivation of skills and
hobbies) in leisure.
4 .As activity carried out as one thinks fit during one's spare time leisure has the following functions:
relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development.
此句中第一个 as 是介词，意思是"作为" 。" carried out as one thinks fit during one's spare time"是
过去分词短语作定语修饰 activity。第二个 as 是连词，引导方式状语从句，修饰动词词组 "carried out"。
休闲作为空闲时进行的自己认为适当的活动，休闲具有下列功能：放松、娱乐、个人发展。
词组"carry out"意思是“完成，实现，贯彻，执行”
5.people who need to exert much energy in their work will find relaxation most desirable in leisure.
exert v.尽全力， 努力，施加， 发挥，行使， 产生影响
在工作中需要付出很多精力的人，更渴望休闲时放松。
The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual. Even the same leisure activity may be
used differently by different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a
popular leisure activity: a change of experience to provide " escape" from the stress and strain of work; to
learn more about what is happening in one' s environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding
oneself by comparing other people's life experiences as portrayed in the programmes.
6.The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual.
对休闲的利用，人与人不同。
(
7.Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a popular leisure activity: a change of
experience to provide "escape" from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in
one' s environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by comparing other people' s life
experiences as portrayed in the programmes.
句中 a popular leisure activity:是 television watching 的同位语， 冒号后边的三个并列成分用来解
释看电视的不同利用。
(1) A change of experience to provide "escape" from the stress and strain of work;
改变感受来“逃避”工作的压力和紧张
(2) To learn more about what is happening in one's environment.
更多了解自己周围正在发生的一切
(3) To provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by comparing other people's life experiences
as portrayed in the programmes.提供机会理解自己，通过对比节目中描绘的别人的经历。
In an urban society in which highly structured, fast-paced and stressful work looms large in life,
experiences of a different nature, be it television watching or bird- watching, can lead to a self-renewal and
a more "balanced" way of life.
8.本句中" in which highly structured, fast-paced and stressful work looms large in life"是定语从句修
饰 " urban society" 。 "In a urban society … ..in life"是整个句子的状语。主句的主语是 experiences,谓
语是 can lead to ……
loom v. (危险) 逼近，朦胧出现
短 语 loom large 意思是"显得严重(突出)，阴影逼近
" be it television watching or bird-watching"是让步状语从句，省去了连接词 whether,系动词 be 放
到了主语 it 之前。不倒装的形式为：
whether it is television watching or bird-watching。
在城市社会中，结构紧密、节奏快捷、充满压力的工作笼罩着人们的生活， 某种不同性质的经
历，不管是看电视还是看鸟，都能导致自我更新和一种更加“平衡”的生活方式。
Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take to one's interests and preferences and get
involved in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.
9.Since 引导原因状语从句， that 引导定语从句
由于休闲基本上是自己决定的事，个人就可以培养自己的兴趣和爱好，并以能为自己带来享乐
和满足的方式参与某项活动。
第三部分：Paras .7--9
Our likes and dislikes, tastes and preferences that underlie our choices of such activities as reading
books, going to the cinema, camping, or certain cultural pursuits, are all related to social contexts and
learning experiences. We acquire interests in a variety of things and subjects from our families, schools,
jobs, and the mass media. Basically, such attitudes amount to a recognition that leisure is an important area
of life and a belief that leisure can and should be put to good use.
10.Our likes and dislikes, tastes and preferences that underlie our choices of such activities as reading
books, going to the cinema, camping, or certain cultural pursuits, are all related to social ontexts and
learning experiences.
that 引导定语从句修饰 our likes and dislikes, tastes and preferences.
我们的喜爱与厌恶、品味与偏爱决定我们选择这样的活动，如： 读书、看电影、野营、或者某
些文化追求，所有这些活动均与社会环境和学习经历有关。
11.Basically, such attitudes amount to a recognition that leisure is an important area of life and of a
belief that leisure can and should be put to good use.
(
此句中的两个 that 从句都是同位语从句， 分别修饰 recognition 和belief。
基本上说，上述态度相当于一个共识：休闲是生活的一个重要方面；相当于一个信念： 休闲能
够并且应该充分利用。
amount to：达到， 到… 之多；相当于， 例如：
My income for that year amounts to $10 ，000 .那一年我的收入达10 ，000美元。
Your words amount to a refusal.你的话相当于拒绝
Professional workers in recreation services, too, will find that to impart positive leisure attitudes to the
general public is essential for motivating them to use their leisure in creative and satisfying ways. Hence, it
can be argued that the people with whom we come into contact in these various contexts are all likely to
have exerted some influence in shaping our attitudes, interests and even skills relevant to how we handle
leisure. Influence of this kind is a form of leadership.
12.Professional workers in recreation services, too, will find that to impart positive leisure attitudes to
the general public is essential for motivating them to use their leisure in creative and satisfying ways
此句中 find 后是that 引导的宾语从句，在宾语从句中，从句的主语是动词不定式 " to impart
positive leisure attitudes to the general public" ,谓语是系表结构" is essential"。
"for"之后的部分是介词短语作essential 的状语， 表示目的。
从事娱乐业的专业工作者也会发现，培养大众积极的休闲态度对促进他们以创造性的， 满意的
方式利用休闲时间十分必要。
13.Hence, it can be argued that the people with whom we come into contact in these various contexts
are all likely to have exerted some influence in shaping our attitudes, interests and even skills relevant to
how we handle leisure.
此句的主干结构是主语从句 it 作形式主语，真正的主语是 "that the people … . handle leisure"。在
主语从句中，主语是 the people ，"with whom we come into contact in these various contexts"是其定语。
“我们在这些不同环境中接触的人”" come into contact with"是固定搭配表示“与 … 相联系” ，“与 … 接
触” 。在本句中，介词 "with"提前到 whom 前面。谓语是 are all likely to have exerted some influence“很
可能产生某些影响”
"shaping 后接三个并列宾语， 即 our attitudes, interests 和 skills; relevant to how we handle leisure
是形容词短语作后置定语修饰 skills ,其中的 how we … 是 relevant to 的宾语从句。
因此， 可以这么说，我们在不同环境中接触的人都可能对形成我们的态度、兴趣、甚至对如何
处理休闲时间的技巧产生某些影响。
Parents, teachers in schools, work associates and communicator in or using the mass media are all
capable of arousing our potential interests . For example, the degree to which and the ways in which a
school encourages participation in games, sports and cultural pursuit are likely to contribute to the shaping
of leisure attitudes on the part of the students.
14.Parents, teachers in schools, work associates and communicator in or using the mass media are all
capable of arousing our potential interests .
父母、学校的老师、工作中的同事、大众媒体的传播工作者都能对我们的兴趣产生潜在的影响。
arousing 动名词的原形动词为 arouse ,意思是“唤醒，唤起，鼓励，引起”
15.For example, the degree to which and the ways in which a school encourages participation in
games, sports and cultural pursuit are likely to contribute to the shaping of leisure attitudes on the part of
the students.
此句主语部分中心词是 the degree 和 theways,其后各接一个由介词+ which 引导的定语从句。由
于两个定语从句除了介词不同外，其他部分相同，所以第一个定语从句省去了与第二个定语从句相
(
同的部分。
学校鼓励参加游戏、运动和文化活动的程度和方式可能对形成学生的休闲态度起一定作用。
第四部分：Paras . 10
Schools usually set as their educational objective the attainment of a balanced development of the
person. The more seriously this is sought, the more likely positive attitudes towards leisure as well as
academic work will be encouraged.
16.Schools usually set as their educational objective the attainment of a balanced development of the
person.
句中 "set … as objective" 把 … 看作是目标 。" the attainment of a balanced development of the
person;是 set 的宾语。 " as their educational objective 是宾语补足语，因为宾语较长，所以后置。
学校常常把达到个人均衡发展定为它们的教育目标。
The more seriously this is sought, the more likely positive attitudes towards leisure as well as
academic work will be encouraged.
该句是 " the more … , the more … ."的句型。 表示“越 …越 …”
对此追求得越认真，就越可能鼓励人们对待休闲和学术工作持积极态度。
附：重点句
1.The importance people attach to paid holidays and the rapid development of service for mass
entertainment and recreation are signs of this increasing concern.
2 .Generally speaking, the quality of life, especial as seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of
the degree to which these various areas of life are available or provide satisfaction to the individual.
3 . As activity carried out as one thinks fit during one's spare time leisure has the following functions:
relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development.
4.Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a popular leisure activity: a change of
experience to provide "escape" from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in
one' s environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by comparing other people' s life
experiences as portrayed in the programmes.
5.In an urban society in which highly structured, fast- paced and stressful work looms large in life,
experiences of a different nature, be it television watching or bird- watching, can lead to a self-renewal and
a more "balanced" way of life
6.Our likes and dislikes, tastes and preferences that underlie our choices of such activities as reading
books, going to the cinema, camping, or certain cultural pursuits, are all related to social contexts and
learning experiences.
7 . Basically, such attitudes amount to a recognition that leisure is an important area of life and of a
belief that leisure can and should be put to good use.
8 . Professional workers in recreation services, too, will find that to impart positive leisure attitudes to
the general public is essential for motivating them to use their leisure in creative and satisfying ways .
9 .Hence, it can be argued that the people with whom we come into contact in these various contexts
are all likely to have exerted some influence in shaping our attitudes, interests and even skills relevant to
how we handle leisure.
10.Parents, teachers in schools, work associates and communicator in or using the mass media are all
capable of arousing our potential interests .
11.For example, the degree to which and the ways in which a school encourages participation in
games, sports and cultural pursuit are likely to contribute to the shaping of leisure attitudes on the part of
the students.
(
12.The more seriously this is sought, the more likely positive attitudes towards leisure as well as
academic work will be encouraged.
Text B The Time Message
I.New Words
1.elusive a. 1.躲避的； 2.难以捉摸的，难以理解的
2.tricky a. 1.狡猾的， 耍花招的； 2.难以处理的
3.slip vi. 1.滑动，滑过； 2.溜，溜走 vt.使滑动； 使滑过
4.quicksand n.流沙
5.oversupply vt./n.过多供应
6.wayside n.路边 a. 路边的
7.flexible a. 1. 柔韧的， 柔顺的； 2.可变通的，灵活的
8.readjustment n.再整理， 再调整
9.project n. 1.设计，规划； 2.项目
vt. 1.方案，计划； 2.投射，映射； 3.使突出
10.appointment n. 1.任命； 2.约会
11.weekly a.每周的； 一周一次的 ad.每周；每周一次 n.周刊，周报
12.adjustment n.调整
13.realistic a. 1.现实的， 实际的； 2.逼真的； 3.现实主义的，现实主义者的
14.underestimate vt.低估，看轻
15.overestimate vt.过高估计；过高评价
16.emergency n.紧急情况；突发事件
17.routine n. 日常工作；例行手续， 常规； a. 日常的； 例行的；常规的
18.crash a.紧急的， 速成的
19.inflexible a. 1.不可弯曲的，僵硬的； 2.不可改变的，固执的
20.adjust vt. 1.调整，调节； 2.校准
21.deem vt.认为，相信
22.assignment n. 1.分配，委派； 2.任务，(课外) 作业
23.freshman([复]freshmen) n. 1.新手，生手； 2.大学一年级学生
24.kid vt./vi./n. 1.戏弄，开玩笑； 2.欺骗，哄骗
25.faithfully ad.忠诚地； 如实地
26.temptation n. 引诱，诱惑
Phrases and Expressions
1.to look ahead to 向前看； 展望未来
2.to allocate．．．for 分配给．．．；配给
3.to fall by the wayside 半途而废，中途退出
4.to hang up 1.把 …挂起来； 2.挂断(电话)；3.延迟，拖延
5.to throw off 扔掉；摆脱
(
6.to work out 作出；制定出
7.up to date 1 ．最新的，新式的； 2．切合目前情况的( on )
8.to kid．．．into doing 欺骗 … 去做 …
9.to stick with 坚持；继续
重点词汇精讲：
elude v.逃避
1.slip: v.滑动，滑过
I held her firmly by the arm in case she slipped on the ice.我紧紧地抓住她的胳膊，以防她在冰上滑
倒。
Just slip out of the room while nobody's looking.
趁人没注意赶紧溜走。
2.flexible: a.柔韧的， 灵活的
派生词： inflexible a.不可弯曲的，僵硬的
3.adjustment: n.调整
派生词： adjust v.调整
He adjusted himselfvery quickly to the heat of the country. 他使自己很快适应了这个国家的炎热的
气候。
I adjusted my watch yesterday, but it is gaining time again.我昨天刚对了表，但现在又走快了。
4.underestimate: vt.低估，看轻
派生词： estimate v.评价，评估 ；overestimate vt.过高估计；过高评价
词组：
1.to look ahead to:向前看， 展望未来
Look straight ahead, and you will see the ship in the distance.直视前方，你就会看到远处的轮船。
Looking ahead to the 21stcentury, what shall we do?展望二十一世纪，我们该怎么办？
2.to allocate … for:分配给， 配给
The teacher allocated tasks to each of us.老师给我们每个人都分配了任务。
How much funds has the government allocated for the project?
政府给这项工程拨了多少款？
3.to fall by the wayside :半途而废，中途退出
Cheer up, don't fall by the wayside.打起精神来，不要半途而废。
Are councilmen allowed to fall by the wayside.议员可以中途退出吗？
4.to hang up:把电话挂断；
She hung up before I could explain to her.我还没来得及向她解释她已经挂断了电话。
Hang your coat up on that hook.把你的上衣挂在那个挂钩上。
to hold on 别挂断
5.up to date:最新的， 新式的；切合目前情况的
She always wears clothes that are right up to date.她总是穿着最时尚的衣服。
We agree to this plan because it is up to date.我们同意这个计划，因为它切合目前的情况。
6.kid sb. into doing sth.欺骗 …去做 …
He was kidded into believing that he won the lottery.别人骗他说他赢了彩票。
He kidded the little boy into believing him.他哄骗那个小男孩相信他。
7.to stick with :坚持，继续
I stick with my original idea.我坚持我原来的主张。
(
II.课文分析
You may have been exposed to this idea before, but this time try to hear. There is a message that is
trying to reach you, and it is important that it get through loud and clear. The message?
1.You may have been exposed to this idea before, but this time try to hear. (para. 1)
注意：情态动词 +完成式， 表示也许，可能，应该，想必已经做了某事
你也许以前接触过这一思想，不过这次试着听一听。
2.There is a message that is trying to reach you, and it is important that it get through loud and clear.
该句是由 and 连接的并列句，在后半句中， it 是形式主语， that 从句是实际主语，句意为：
“有一条信息要传达给你，重要的是， 这条信息响亮而清楚地传到你的耳际。 ”
Time management!
Time is elusive and tricky. It is the easiest thing is the world to waste - the most difficult to control.
When you look ahead, it may appear you have more than you need. Yet it has a way of slipping through
your fingers like quicksand. You may suddenly find that there is no way to stretch the little time you have
left to cover all your obligations .For example, as a beginning student looking ahead to a full term you may
feel that you have an oversupply of time on your hands . But toward the end of the term you may panic
because time is running out. The answer?
3.You may suddenly find that there is no way to stretch the little time you have left to cover all your
obligations.
在 that 引导的宾语从句中， you have left 是定语从句修饰 the little time ，省略了关系代词。
to cover all your obligations 是 stretch 目的状语；obligations：职责、责任。
全句大意为：你可能突然发现无法延长所剩不多的时间来完成所有应做的工作。
Control!
Time is dangerous. If you don't control it, it will control you. If you don't make it work for you, it will
work against you. You must become the master of time, not the servant.
Study hard and play hard is an old proverb, but it sill makes sense. You have plenty of time for classes,
study, work, and play if you use your time properly. It is not how much time you allocate for study that
counts but how much you learn when you do study.
4.Study hard and play hard is an old proverb, but it still makes sense.
努力学习，尽兴游戏是一则古老的谚语，但它今天仍有意义。
5 . It is not how much time you allocate for study that counts but how much you learn when you do
study.动词 count 意思是： 重要，有价值，起作用
强调句， 正常语序 It is not … but … that counts. 由于被强调部分过长， 所以倒装。
全句大意为：起作用的不是你分配多少学习时间， 而是你真正学到了多少东西。
例如： It is not what to read that counts but how to read.
不是读什么书起作用而是怎样读书。
Too much wasted time is bad medicine. The more time you waste, the easier it is to continue wasting
time. Soon, doing nothing becomes a habit you can't break. It becomes a drug. When this happens, you lose
your feeling of accomplishment and you fall by the wayside. A full schedule is a good schedule.
Some students refuse to hear the time message. They refuse to accept the fact that college life demands
some degree of time control. There is no escape. So what's the next step? If you seriously wish to get the
time message, this passage will give it to you. Remember - it will not only improve your grades but also
free you to enjoy college life more.
6.Remember-it will not only improve your grades but also free you to enjoy college life more.
注意此句中 free 是动词， 意思是：释放，使自由
(
记住，这不仅会提高你的成绩，而且会让你更好地享受大学生活。
Message 1.Time is valuable -control it from the beginning.
Time is today, not tomorrow or next week. Start your plan at the beginning of the term and readjust it
with each new project. Thus you can spread your work time around a little.
Message 2. Get the notebook habit.
Go and buy a pocket- size notebook. There are many varieties of these special notebooks. Select the
one you like best. Use it to schedule your study time each day. You can also use it to note important dates,
appointments, addresses, and telephone numbers.
Keep it with you at all times.
Message 3. prepare a weekly study schedule.
The main purpose of the notebook is to help you prepare a weekly study schedule. Once prepared,
follow the same pattern every week with minor adjustments . Sunday is an excellent day to make up your
schedule for the following week. Write in your class schedule first .Add your work hours, if any. Then write
in the hours each day you feel you must allocate for study. Keep it simple.
7.Once prepared, follow the same pattern every week with minor adjustments .
此句是祈使句，Once prepared 作状语，完整的表达为：Once your weekly study schedule is prepared.
一旦你的每周学习日程表制定，每个星期都照着日程表去做，只须做些微调。
8.Then write in the hours each day you feel you must allocate for study.
定语从句都省略了关系代词 that 或which ，feel 后边是宾语从句。
全句大意为：然后，写下每天你认为应该分配给学习的时数。
Message 4.Be realistic.
When you plan time for these things, be realistic. Don't underestimate. Overestimate, if possible, so
that emergencies that arise don' t hang you up . Otherwise your entire routine may get thrown off balance
while you devote night and day go crash efforts.
Message 5.Make study time fit the course.
How much study time you schedule for each classroom hour depends on four factors:(1)your ability,
(2)the difficulty of the class, (3)the grades you hope to achieve ,and(4) how well you use your study time.
One thing, however, is certain: you should schedule a minimum of one hour of study for each classroom
hour. In many cases, more will be required.
Message 6.Keep your schedule flexible.
A good schedule mush have a little give so that special projects can be taken care of properly. Think
out and prepare your schedule each week and do not become a slave to an inflexible pattern. Adjust it as
you deem necessary.
9.A good schedule must have a little give so that special projects can be taken care of properly.
此句中 give 是名词， 意思是：弹性
so that 引导目的状语从句。
全句大意为:一个好的日程表必须有一定的弹性， 使特别的项目能得到妥善处理。
Message 7.Study first - fun later
You will enjoy your fun time more after you have completed your study responsibilities. So, where
possible, schedule your study hours in advance of fun activities. This is a sound principle to follow, so keep
it in mind as you prepare your first schedule.
Message 8. Study some each class day.
Some concentrated study each day is better than many study hours one day and nothing the next. As
(
you work out your individual schedule, attempt to include a minimum of two study hours each day. This
will not only keep the study habit alive but also keep you up to date on your class assignments and projects.
Few beginning freshmen can control their time effectively without a written schedule, so why kid
yourself into thinking you don't need one? You do, Later on, when you have had more experience and you
have the time-control habit, you may be able to operate without it .Of course the schedule is only the first
step. Once you have it prepared, you must stick with it and follow it faithfully. You must push away the
many temptations that are always present or your schedule is useless. Your schedule will give you control
only ifyou make it work.
10.You must push away the many temptations that are always present or your schedule is useless.
用连词 or (否则) 连接的并列句，前半句中有一个定语从句。
全句大意为：你必须摆脱常常出现的许多诱惑，否则你的日程表就一点用处也没有了。
语 法 一些常用介词的基本词义和用法辩异
语 法
一 、介 词(前 置词) preposition
定义：起介绍、媒介作用的词
位置：通常放在名词、短语或从句之前。介词+宾语=介词短语(prepositional phrase)
介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一。它是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，但是介词有其基本的词意。
介词的搭配能力很强， 介词短语用于表达种种不同的意思，还可以担任句子成分，(表、定、状
语和补语)。介词的使用主要是习惯问题，英语中大部分惯用语都是由介词与其他词的搭配构成的。
如何正确使用介词？做到两点：了解基本词意和记忆常用的固定搭配
1.表示时间的介词(三组)
(1) at 、in 、on 、during
at 表示确切的时间点或较短暂的一段时间,
in 表示一天中的各部分时间，如上午、下午、晚上等， 或较长的时间，如星期、月、季、年、
年代、世纪等。
on 表示具体的某一天或某一天的上午或下午等。
during 表示一段时间，强调时间的延续，意为"在 ………期间""在…… 过程"
(2) for, since
for 也表示一段时间，强调时间是经过的长久。表示时间区间，可长可短。
Since 表示"从某时其直到现在"之意常用于带有完成体动词的句子中。从某时起到现在。
(3) from, by
from 表示“从某时起”到某个时间，这个时间可以是过去、现在或将来。
by 表示“到某时止” 、“不迟于” 、“在某时以前”。
2.表示地点的介词(五组)
(1) in ，at, into, within
(
(2) over,above 是不是应该显示手写板
(3) under, below, beneath
(4) at, to, towards, for
(5) between, among(st)
3.意义相近，容易混淆的介词(三组)
(1)关于 of, about, on
(2)由于 due to, owing to
(3)除去 except, except for
建议以1.的修改方法将第2、3、补充一下。参照教材和老师的讲解补充完整。
补充一点： besides 与 except 的区别及举例
besides 是除 …之外还有 … except 是整个除外，还除 …
Our teacher invited five of us besides Tom.
除了汤姆以外我们老师还邀请了我们五个人。(除了 … 以外还有)
Our teacher invited all of us except Tom.
除了汤姆，我们老师邀请了所有的人。(除去， 没有，排除在外，不包括在内)
二、 that 引导名词从句和定语从句的用法
1.that 引导名词从句(主语、宾语、表语、同位语从句) 作连接词时， 在从句中无实际意义，也
不担任句子成分。
(主语从句)It is strange that she didn't come yesterday.
(宾语从句) They say (that) he is much better.
We consider it necessary that a plan should be made before doing a work.
(表语从句) One idea is that fish is the best brain food .
(同位语从句)There is no doubt that many people benefit from heart surgery.
2.that 引导限制性定语从句， 作关系代词代替先行词，在从句中担任主语、宾语或表语。
(在第二单元中，讲了 that 与which 引导定语从句的区别)
Here is the pen that / which you lost last night.
The woman that / who you saw in the park is our English teacher.
练 习
一、英译汉重点单词词组：
1.research 2.attach 3.underlie 4.relevant 5.positive
6.possession 7.desirable 8.relaxation 9.occupation 10.urban
11.acquire 12.participation
be concerned with be relevant to to set … as objective
二、英译汉重点句子
1.People in advanced industrial societies are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure.
2.The importance people attach to paid holidays and the rapid development of services for mass
entertainment and recreation are signs of this increasing concern.
3.The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual.
4 .Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take to one's interests and preferences and
get involved in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.
5 .Basically, such attitudes amount to a recognition that leisure is an important area of life and a belief
(
that Leisure can and should be put to good use.
6.For example, the degree to which and the ways in which a school encourages participation in games,
sports and cultural pursuits are likely to contribute to the shaping of leisure attitudes on the part of the
students.
7 . Schools usually set as their educational objective the attainment of a balanced development of the
person.
8.The more seriously this is sought, the more likely positive attitudes towards leisure as well as
academic work will be encouraged.
三、汉译英
1.生活质量这一术语涉及很广泛。
The term"quality of life" covers a very wide scope.
2.在生活节奏快，工作压力大的社会中，放松一下有利于健康。
In a fast-paced stressful society, it is good for health to set aside some time to relax oneself.
It's good for one's health to find time to relax in a society of fast-paced and stressful work.
3.人们的兴趣和爱好与社会环境和个人学习经历有关。
People 's interests and hobbies are related to social contexts and their learning experiences.
People' s interests and preferences are all related to social contexts and individual learning experiences .
4.积极的休闲态度是鼓励人们创造性地利用空闲时间的基础。
The positive attitude towards leisure is the foundation to encourage people' s creative use of their spare
time.
A positive leisure attitude is the foundation for motivating people to use their leisure in a creative way .
5.研究与观察结果表明， 人们越来越关心生活的质量。
The findings of research and observation indicate that people are more and more concerned with the
quality of life.
Observations and researches indicate that people are increasingly concerned with the quality of life.
四、历年考题
1 .A good schedule must have a little give so that special projects can _____(take) care of properly.
(99.4)
答案： be taken。
考点：情态动词的被动语态。
2 .Since leisure is basically self-determined, one should get involved __ _ __ an activity in ways that
will bring enjoyment and satisfaction. (99.4)
A. in
B. of
C. towards
D. with
答案： A .
考点：词组 get /be involved in 参与 … ；卷入 …
3.The importance of these _____(vary) according to the nature of one's job and one's lifestyle. (99. 10)
答案： varies
考点：一般现在时单数第三人称形式。
(
4 . This will not only keep the study habit alive but also _ _ __ _ (keep) you up to date on your class
assignments and projects .
答案： keep。
考点： not only 与 but also 后的词的形式应一致。
5.The specific use of leisure _____ from individual to individual. (00.4)
A. ranges
B. distinguishes
C. varies
D. covers
答案： C。
分析：此题考查不及物动词 vary 的用法。搭配为： vary … from … to 各不相同。
6.The more time you waste, the ______(easy) it is to continue wasting time. (00.4)
答案： easier。
考点： the more … the more 句型，表示“越 … 越…”。
7.Such attitudes amount to a belief _____ leisure can and should be put to good use. (01.4)
A. which
B. if
C. whether
D. that
答案： that。
考点： that 引导同位语从句修饰 belief。
8.This will not only keep the study habit alive but also keep you up to _____ on your class
assignments and projects . (01.4)
A. day
B. date
C. number
D. time
答案： B。
考点：词组 up to date 最新的， keep you up to date 表示跟得上 … .
9.汉译英： 人们越来越关注休闲的机会。(99.4)
答案： People are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure.
10.汉译英： 众所周知，即使同样的休闲活动，不同的人使用的方式也不同。 (00.4)
答 案 ： It is well known that even the same leisure activity may be used differently by different
individuals.
Text A Jet Lag: Prevention and Cure
课文简介：
我们许多人在国际旅行时都有过时差反应。
(
科学家们发现，时差综合症是我们体内的生理调节机制在不同的环境中发生变化所引起的。实
际上，有两套时间调节系统在相互作用，它们在新时区内需要一段时间才能重新设定。
值得庆幸的是，我们可以通过调节环境定时和改变饮食睡眠来减少时差带来的不便。
Para.1 If you understand what Jet Lag is, your flights will be less stressful.
Paras.2 – 9 Various causes of Jet Lag
Paras. 10 – 14 Ways to deal with the bad effects of Jet Lag
New Words
1 jet n.喷射，喷气式飞机
2 lag vi./n.走得慢， 落后
3 flight n.飞行，飞翔
4 physiological a.生理的， 生理学的
5 regulatory a.规章的， 调节的
6 mechanism n.机构，机制
7 hormonal a.荷尔蒙的，激素的
8 secretary n.秘书，书记，部长
9 negotiation n.谈判，协商
10 proceeding n.程序，进程
11 instantaneously ad.瞬间地， 即刻地
12 transport vt./n.运输
13 overcome vt.战胜；克服
14 regulate vt./n.管理，调节
15 timing n.时间的选择；计时
16 periodicity n.周期性， 间发性
17 internal a.内部的， 内在的
18 suprachiasmatic a.超(染色 体 )交叉的
19 rhythm n.韵律，格律，节奏
20 timer n.计时员， 定时器
21 external a.外在的， 在外的
22 alarm n./vt.警报，惊恐，向…报警，使警觉
23 reset vt./n.重新安排，重调
24 palm n.手掌
25 sweat n./vi./vt.汗，出汗，使出汗
26 discrepancy n.差异，不一致
27 bodily a.身体的， 肉体的
28 cortisol n.皮质醇
29 excretion n.排泄；分泌
30 destination n. 目的地， 终点
31 feasible a.可行的， 可能的
32 pharmacological a.药物学的，药理学的
33 assumption n.假定，设想；承担
34 mid-afternoon a.下午三点左右的
35 neutral a.中立的； 中性的
36 wakefulness n.觉醒，不眠
37 promote vt.促进，发扬；提升，升级，发起，创办
(
38 synchronize vi./vt.同时发生，同步，使在时间上一致
词组： phrases and Expressions
1 effect on 对…的作用
2 to blame … on 把…归咎于
3 to advantage 有利地， 有效地
4 as fresh as paint 精神饱满
5 now that (连词) 既然，由于
6 to leave … alone 不管，不理
7 out of step 步伐不一致，不协调
8 in time 及时，终于
to come across 遇到，碰到
to tie … to 使有联系，约束
to rely on / upon 依赖，依靠
词汇精讲 :
lag: v/n.走得慢， 落后
After I get over jet-lag, I’ll call you.我倒过时差后给你打电话。
He’s lagging behind a bit, and I think we’d better wait for him to catch us up.
他有点落后了，我想我们最好等他赶上来吧。
There is often a lag between becoming affected by this illness and its first signs.
受这种疾病的感染和出现最初症状之间经常会间隔一段时间。
His actions lagged behind his thinking.在他的思想和行动之间存在很大差异。
overcome: v.战胜，克服
Support from his family and his own survivor instincts have helped him overcome
obstacles.
家人的支持和求生的本能帮助他克服了障碍
The learner of a second language has many obstacles to overcome.
学第二语言的人有许多障碍要克服。
First of all, we should overcome ourselves in order to overcome difficulties.
要战胜困难，首先要战胜自己。
feasible: a.可行的， 可能的
Your plan sounds quite feasible.你的计划听起来是可行的。
Now that we have the extra resources, the scheme seems feasible.
既然我们有了额外的财力，这一方案就可行了。
The plan seems to be feasible.这个计划似乎是可行的。
assumption: n.假定，设想，承担，采取
派生词： assume v.假定，设想
His assumption proved to be wrong.他的设想被证明是错的。
You will assume your new duties tomorrow.你们明天开始执行新任务。
promote: vt.促进，发扬，提升
派生词： promotion n.促进，发扬
He certainly ought to be promoted.他的确应该被提升。
The company is promoting their new sort of soap on television.
公司正在电视上为这种新香皂促销。
(
We should promote the mutual understanding between the two countries.
我们要增进两国之间的相互了解。
词组：
1 effect on:对…的作用， 影响
It had an almost immediate effect on his thinking.这事几乎立刻对他的想法有了影响。
Violent TV programs have a bad effect on children.暴力电视节目对孩子有不好的影响。
相似词组： influence on:对…有影响。
to blame on:把..归咎于
He blamed his failure on his teacher.他把他的失败怪在老师的头上。
They blamed the failure of the action on George.
他们把此次行动失败归咎于乔治。
相关词语： to blame … for
The accountant was blamed for his error.这个会计由于出错而受到谴责。
to advantage:有利地， 有效地
More practice will be to your advantage.多练习对你有利。
It is to your advantage to invest wisely.明智地投资对你很有利。
The model is seeking a chance to display herself to advantage.
那位模特正在寻找一个机会来有利地显示自己。
4 now that:既然，由于
Now that you have come you may as well stay.既然你来了还是待着吧。
Now that oil is scarce, the fate of the motorcar is uncertain.
由于石油短缺，汽车将来的命运如何就难以预料了。
to leave …alone:不管，不理；听其自然
Leave me alone – take your hand off my arm.别动我 –松开我的胳膊。
I should leave that question alone if I were you.如果我是你的话，我不会去碰这个问题。
out of step:步伐不一致，不协调
That boy was out of step during most of the parade.
在游行检阅的大部分时间里，那个男孩的步伐都与别人的不合拍。
I’m not good at dancing – I always get hopelessly out of step.
我不善长跳舞 –总是踩不上点，已经无可救药了。
He is out of step with modern life.他同现代生活不合拍。
课文精讲：
Jet Lag: Prevention and Cure
The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time.⑴
But do you have to suffer? Understand what it is, and how a careful diet can minimize its
worst effects, and your flights will be less stressful. ⑵
1.此句中 “one”代替前面出现过的 “problem” , every international traveler comes
across at some time 是定语从句修饰 one,省略了关系词 that 或which。to come across 意思是 “遇
到，碰到”
全句意思：喷气飞机时差综合症是每个乘坐国际航班旅行的人在某个时候会碰到的问题。
2.Understand what it is…这是个祈使句，相当于一个条件状语从句： If you understand what
it is…
(
例句： Work hard and you’ll succeed.相当于 If you work hard, you’ll succeed.
The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we
realize.⑶Jet Lag is not a psychological consequence of having to readjust to a different
time zone. It is due to changes in the body' s physiological regulatory mechanisms,
specifically the hormonal systems, in a different environment.
3.此句是个比较结构。disturbing 是分词式的形容词，比较级是 more disturbing，far 用来
修饰比较级。
此句意思：乘飞机旅行对身体的影响实际上远比我们意识到的更令人焦灼不安。
Confused? So was John Foster Dulles, the American Secretary of State, when he flew to
Egypt to conduct negotiations on the Aswan Dam ⑷He later blamed his poor judgment on Jet
Lag.
4.此句中 confused 的完整表达是 “Are you confused?”后一句用了倒装语序， so 位于句首，
表示前面所说的情况也适合于本句。 Blame…on…把过失归咎于
此句意思：是不是被弄糊涂啦？美国国务卿约翰 ·福斯特 ·杜勒斯从美国飞往埃及谈判阿斯旺
水坝问题时就被弄糊涂了。他后来把自己在谈判中判断失误归咎于时差综合症。
The effects can be used to advantage, too. President Johnson once conducted an important
meeting in Guam and kept the entire proceedings at WashingtonDC time. The White House working
personnel were as fresh as paint, while the locals, in this case, were
jet- lagged.⑸Essentially, they had been instantaneously transported to America.
5.该句是由 while 连接的两个并列句，表示前后对比。 in this case 作状语， 译为“在这种情
况下， ” the locals 是指关岛的本地人，作主语。
Now that we understand what Jet Lag is, we can go some way to overcoming it.⑹ A great
number of the body's events are scheduled to occur at a certain time of day. Naturally these
have to be regulated, and there are two regulatory systems which interact.
6.now that we understand what Jet Lag is,原因状语从句中有一个 what 引导的宾语从句，
意为“既然我们了解了时差综合症是什么”。
One timing system comes from the evidence of our senses and stomachs, and the periodicity
we experience when living in a particular time zone.⑺ The other belongs in our internal
clocks ( the major one of which may be physically located in a part of the brain called the
suprachiasmatic nucleus) which, left alone, would tie the body to a 25 hour — yes, 25
— rhythm.⑻ Normally the two timers are in step, and the external cues tend to regularise
the internal clocks to the more convenient 24 hour period.
7.该句主干结构是“one timing system comes from…. ” ; from 有两个宾语，由 and 连接。
此句意思：一个定时系统来自我们的感官和胃肠饥饿感以及我们在某个特定时区所经受的周期
性变化
8.该句的主干结构“The other belongs in our internal clocks …”，which 引导定语从句
修饰 our internal clocks。在定语从句中， left alone 是过去分词词组作条件状语，相当于条件
状语从句 If it is left alone。括号中的定语从句也修饰 our internal clocks。
此句意思：另一个定时系统在我们的体内时钟内(其中一个主要时钟可能位于我们大脑的称为
超交叉核的那部分中)这些体内时钟在不受干扰时， 会使人体有一个25小时——是的，25小时——
的生理节奏。
If, however, you move the whole body to a time zone which is four hours different, the
two clocks will be out of step, like two alarm clocks which are normally set together, but
which have been reset a few hours apart. ⑼ Whereas the two clocks would normally sound
(
their alarms together, now they ring at different times. (10) Similarly, the body can be
set for evening while the sun is rising.
9.“which is four hours different”是定语从句修饰 zone。 “ which are normally set
together”和 “ which have been reset a few hour apart”是两个定语从句修饰 clocks。
此句意思：然而如果你把整个身体移到一个时差4个小时的时区，两个时钟就不再同步，正像两
个闹钟通常被一起定时，但现在定时相差几个小时。
10.whereas 连接让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然”全句的大意是：尽管两个闹钟通常同时报
时，但现在则在不同时间报时。
In time the physiological system will reset itself, but it does take time.⑾ One easily
monitored rhythm is palm sweating. A man flown to a time zone different by 10 hours will
take eight days to readjust his palm sweat. Blood pressure, which is also rhythmical, takes
four days to readjust. (12)
11.In time the physiological system will reset itself, but it does take time.
it does take time 是强调谓语动词。经过一段时间后，生理系统将会自我调整过来， 但这需
要时间。
12.which 引导非限制性定语从句,修饰 blood pressure.
此句意思：血压也是有节奏性的，需要4天才能调整过来。
One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by
different factors. (13) The hormone cortisol, which controls salt and water excretion,
is made in the morning, wherever the body is. But the growth hormone is released during
sleep, whenever in the day that sleep occurs. (14) Normally these two hormones are separated
by seven or eight hours, but if the body arrives at a destination in the early morning
( local ) and goes to sleep as soon as possible, the two hormones will be released
simultaneously.
13.此句是一个表语从句，that 引导一个从句作表语。此句意思：出现这种差异的一个原因是
人体的不同活动受到不同因素的支配。
14.whenever 引导时间状语从句。Whenever in the day 意为“不管在一天中的什么时候”；that
sleep 是从句的主语， that 是指示代词修饰 sleep。
全句意思：但生长激素在睡眠时才分泌，而不论一天中什么时候睡觉。
What can we do about it? It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used
to the new time zone. Fortunately there is a short cut. It relies on two things — the power
of the stomach to regulate the timing of other events, and the pharmacological actions of
coffee.
The basic assumptions are:
Coffee delays the body clock in the morning, and advances it at night. Coffee at
mid-afternoon is neutral. (15)
15.该句中 neutral 意为“中性的”，在这里是与上文的 delay 和 advance 相对，表示“既不推
迟，也不提前”译为：下午三点左右喝咖啡对人体时钟不起作用。
Protein in meals stimulates wakefulness, while carbohydrates promote sleep.
Putting food into an empty stomach helps synchronize the body clock.
(
Text B Controlling your concentration
New Words
1.span n. 1.指距，一拃宽； 2.跨距； 3.一段时间
2.fluctuate vi. 1.波动，起伏； 2.动摇，不定； vt.使波动， 使起伏
3.fluctuation n.波动，起伏
4.tick n. (钟表的)滴答声； vi. (钟表的)滴答响
5.fade vi. 1.凋谢，枯萎； 2. (颜色) 褪去；
3. (声音等)衰弱下去； vt.使褪色
6.illusion n.错觉；幻觉
7.duration n.持续；持续时间
8.infrequent a.很少发生的
9.illustration n. 1.说明； 2.例证，插图
10.moderate a. 1. 中等的， 适度的； 2.温和的， 有节制的
11.distraction n. 1.精神涣散，精神不集中； 2.消遣，娱乐
12.distractor n.分散注意力的东西
13.focal a. 焦点的
14.remedy n. 1.治疗； 2.补救(法)；vt. 1.治疗； 2.补救，纠正
15.fearful a. 1.可怕的， 吓人的； 2.害怕的， 胆怯的
16.productivity n. 1.生产率； 2.丰饶，多产
17.finance n. 1.财政，金融； 2.经费，资金
18.retention n.保持；保留
19.distract vt.分散(注意，心思等)；使人分心
20.adversely ad. 1.相反地； 2.不利地， 有害地
21.appreciate vt. 1.欣赏，鉴赏； 2.正确评价，鉴别； 3.感激，感谢
22.contrary a.相反的， 相对的，与 …相反(to)
23mislead vt.把 … 带错路， 使 …错或做错
24.motivation n.动机；动力
25.inefficient a.无效的； 效率低的
26.exceptional a. 1.例外的； 2.异常的， 特殊的
27.hinder vt. 阻止；防碍(from)
28.typical a. 典型的， 代表性的
Phrases and Expressions
1.to date 到目前为止
2.to attend to 专心；注意；照顾
3.to make the grade 取得成功，达到理想标准
4.to fall apart 四分五裂；崩溃
5.be true of 符合于 … ，对 …适用
重点词汇：
span n.跨度，一段时间
例： She has a wide span of responsibility in her new job.
她在新工作中要负责很多事情。
(
Children’s attention span is poor.
儿童的注意力集中时间很短。
fluctuate v.波动，起伏
例： Vegetable prices fluctuate according to the season.
蔬菜的价格随季节而波动。
fade v.凋谢，枯萎，褪色，(声音等)变弱
例： The voice on the radio faded out. 收音机里面的声音逐渐小了。
illusion n.幻觉，错觉
例： I have no illusions about his ability.我对他的能力不存幻想。
5.moderate : a. 中等的， 适度的，温和的
I’m a moderate drinker .我是一个饮酒适量的人。
He is well-known as a moderate in the party.他作为该党中一个温和派人士而著称。
6.finance : n.财政，金融；资金，经费
派生词： financial a .财政的， 金融的
We’ve had some difficulty raising finance for the project. 我们在为这个项目筹集资金的过程中遇
到过一些困难。
If you do have financial difficulty, you can apply for a student loan.如果你确实经济上有困难，
可以申请学生贷款。
7.appreciate : vt 欣赏，鉴赏，感激，感谢
派生词： appreciation n.欣赏，鉴赏
用法： appreciate 后接动名词作宾语。
We shall appreciate hearing from you again.我们将乐于再收到你的信。
You can’t appreciate English poetry unless you understand its rhythm.
你不懂英文诗的韵律， 就不能欣赏英文诗。
课文精讲
Controlling your concentration
CONCENTARATION IS CENTERING YOUR ATTENTION
Psychologically defined, concentration is the process of centering one’ s attention over a period of
time. In practical application, however, concentration is not as simple to deal successfully with as the
definition may imply. For this reason, it is helpful to keep the following points in mind. ⑴
1.For this reason, it is helpful to keep the following points in mind.
be helpful to … .对 …很有益；
keep … . in mind 把 …记在心里；
译文：因此，记住下列几点是很有帮助的。
Your attention span varies
Even with the greatest effort, our span of attention fluctuates. You can demonstrate for yourself this
fluctuation of attention. In a quiet room, place a watch so that it can just scarcely be heard. ⑵Listen
carefully and notice how the ticking increases in apparent intensity, fades to a point where it cannot be
heard, and then increases again. ⑶ This phenomenon reveals how our span of attention fluctuates, for the
intensity of the ticking is actually constant.
2.In a quiet room, place a watch so that it can just scarcely be heard.
该句主句是祈使句 place a watch
so that 引导目的状语从句
译文：在一个安静的房间里，放一块表，表的声音几乎刚刚能听见。
(
3.Listen carefully and notice how the ticking increases in apparent intensity, fades to a point where it
cannot be heard, and then increases again.
where it cannot be heard 是定语从句修饰 point
译文：注意听表的走动声，并且注意表的嘀嗒声怎样明显增大，然后小到听不见，然后又变大。
You pay attention to one thing at a time
Evidence to date indicates that you attend to one idea at a time. It is possible for your attention to shift
so rapidly that it seems that you attend to several concepts at once. ⑷ But apparently this is only an illusion.
In high concentration the shift from the focus of attention is of short duration and relatively infrequent.
4.It is possible for your attention to shift so rapidly that it seems that you attend to several concepts at
once.
so …that … 结果状语从句
全句意为：你的注意有可能转移得十分迅速，以至于好像你同时能够专心于几个想法。
An illustration of periods of high, moderate, and low attention
High attention has long periods of attending and short distraction periods. In low attention the periods
of attending are short and the distraction periods long. In moderate attention there is a mixture of the
extremes . Thus it is easy to see that it is highly unlikely that the student who has most of his attention
centered on fancying at large will be able to recall even the major points of a lecture. ⑸
Thus it is easy to see that it is highly unlikely that the student who has most of his attention centered
on
fancying at large will be able to recall even the major points of a lecture.
see 之后是一个由 that 引导的宾语从句，在 that 引导的宾语从句中,含有一个 who 引导的定语从
句
修饰 the student
译文： 这样我们可以很容易地看到，如果一个学生的大部分注意力用于自由幻想，即使是讲课
要点，
他也不可能回想起来。
Lack of concentration is a symptom, not the cause, of difficulty. When a student says “I can’t
concentrate” , what he is really saying is, “I can’t attend to the task at hand because my distractors are too
strong. ”
DISTARCTORS ARE OF TWO SORTS —PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL
A distractor is anything which causes attention to vary from a central focal point. In the study situation
distractors may be thought of as either psychological or physical in nature. ⑹Both types of distractors must
be understood before the student can attempt to remedy his lack of concentration.
In the study situation distractors may be thought of as either psychological or physical in nature.
thought of as 把 …看作，认为 …
译文：在学习的情况下，干扰物实际上可以被认为是心理的或者是物质的。
Emotions are the most powerful distractors
The angry man forgets the pain of injury, the fearful man finds it difficult to enjoy pleasure and the
tense or anxious person may react violently to the smallest of matters. ⑺ In the student’s life there are many
psychological pressures and tensions which block effective productivity. The fears about making the grade,
the doubts of the friendliness of a friend’s behaviour and the pressures of limited friendliness of a friend’s
behaviour and the pressures of limited finances — these are only a few of the emotional forces which affect
the student.
(
7 .The angry man forgets the pain of injury, the fearful man finds it difficult to enjoy pleasure and the
tense of anxious person may react violently to the smallest of matters.
react … to 对 …有反应
全句大意：愤怒的人会忘记伤痛，人害怕的时候很难享受快乐， 人在紧张或焦虑的时候可能对
非常小的事情做出强烈的反应。
Emotional reaction varies greatly from person to person. ⑻ Some person gain goal and direction from
their tensions and actually do better because of them . Others fall apart under pressure ,while a few people
do well despite the pressure.
8.Emotional reaction varies greatly from person to person.
vary … from … . to …
全句大意：人与人的情绪反应差异很大。
Physical distractors are always present and rarely understood
Our environment is much more important to how we feel and react than we often think. ⑼ Particularly
is this true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks . ⑽ One research report has shown that
comprehension and retention of reading were decreased when students listened to lively music. However,
rate of reading was not affected , so that many students were not aware that they were affected by the
background distractor. Another study found that the ability to recall accurately was affected by distracting
conditions. Most of the evidence indicates that noise affects adversely higher mental task output. Still, the
effect of distractors is seldom fully appreciated by students.
9.Our environment is much more important to how we feel and react than we often think.
本句中 much more … than … 结构表示“远比 … 要 …得多”，
… .how we feel and react 是介词 to 的宾语从句
全句大意：环境对于我们如何感觉和反应的重要性比我们所想的要大得多。
10.Particularly is this true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks .
此 句是倒 装 句 结构， 正 常语序为：This is particularly true of the effect of physical distractors on
mental tasks .
全句大意为：物理性干扰对需要动脑筋完成的作业的影响尤其如此。
ROUTINE AND REASONING TASKS ARE AFFECTED DIFFERENTLY BY DISTARCTORS
Many routine tasks can be performed with distraction in the background with little or no adverse effect
on output. Most students have found this fact to be true from their own experience. They may have had
high school homework which was drill or merely copying assignments. It was possible to do such work
with the latest recordings or the television set playing in the background. In time such students began to
feel certain that they could do all work — routine or problem- solving —in the same manner. ⑾ The
evidence indicates the contrary conclusion.
11.In time such students began to feel certain that they could do all work----routine or problem-solving
----in the same manner.
In time 最后，在不定的时间内，最终
feel certain 相当于 feel sure ，意为“感到肯定”
本句中 that 引导宾语从句，
最后(终于)这些学生开始确信，他们能用同样的方式完成作业，无论是常规性的还是解决问
题性的。
EXCEPTIONS MAY MISLEAD YOU
Typically when students are faced with the evidence on distractors the argument is given that their
cousin, friend, or classmate can study in “Grand Central Station. ”⑿ And he makes “ all A’s” too! There is
(
evidence, of course. That motivation plays an important role in overcoming the effects of distractors and
that there are considerable differences in individual spans of attention. ⒀Either of these factors could
account for some individuals being able to do well using inefficient methods. ⒁The fact that some
exceptional people do well under adverse conditions scarcely justifies your assuming that you are
exceptional in the same manner.⒂Your chances of success are higher if you avoid the distractors which are
known to hinder the typical student.
12.Typically when students are faced with the evidence on distractors the argument is given that their
cousin, friend, or classmate can study in “Grand Central Station” .
that 引导同位语从句，修饰 the argument
典型的情况是，当要求学生们拿出关于干扰物的证据时，他们提出自己的表兄弟、朋友或同学
能在纽约的“中央火车站”学习。
13.There is evidence, of course, that motivation plays an important role in overcoming the effects of
distractors and that there are considerable differences in individual spans of attention.
Play an important role in … .在 …起到一个重要作用。
当然， 有证据表明，学习动机在克服干扰的影响方面起作用，并且每个人的注意力广度相差很
大
14.Either of these factors could account for some individuals being able to do well using inefficient
methods.
account for :解释 … 的原因,
这两种因素中哪一种都能解释某些人用效率不高的方法都能学得很好。
15.The fact that some exceptional people do well under adverse conditions scarcely justifies your
assuming that you are exceptional in the same manner.
第一个 that 引导同位语从句， 第二个 that 是动名词 assuming 的宾语从句
justify 意为 “证明…”，它的宾语是动名词 assuming，
物主代词 your 是动名词 assuming 的逻辑主语。
译文： 一些特殊的人在不利条件下能学得好，这一事实绝不能证明，你有理由认为自己在同样
的条件下也是特殊的。
语法 练习
一、补充语法知识
形容词和副词的比较级
1.比较级+than
steel is harder than iron.
2.用词或词组修饰比较级，表示强调或稍微。
3.the+比较级， the+比较级： 越来越 …The nearer an object is to us, the larger it looks .
比较级重复，
4.more and more 越来越多
colder and colder 越来越冷
(
注意事项：
1.n. 的可数与不可数，修饰可数名词用"few""a few" ，所以比较级"fewer"后面接的也是可数名词。
但是"less"即"little"的比较级也修饰不可数名词。
2.没有比较级的词：如 empty
二、单元练习
(一)词汇英译汉：
1.flight
2.negotiation
3.transport
4.overcome
5.internal
6.external
7.rhythm
8.feasible
9.assumption
10.promote
1.effect on
2.to blame … on
3.to advantage
4.now that
5.out of step
6.to leave … alone
(二)句子英译汉：
1.The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time. (para. 1)
2.The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize. (para.2)
3.He later blamed his poor judgment on Jet Lag. (para.3)
4.Now that we understand what Jet lag is , we can go some way to overcoming it (para.4)
5.The other belongs in our internal clocks which , left alone, would tie the body to a 25 hour - yes , 25
- rhythm.(para.5)
6.In time the physiological system will reset itself, but it does take time. (para7)
7 . One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors .
(para.8)
8.It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone. (para.9)
9.But the growth hormone is released during sleep, whenever in the day that sleep occurs .(para.9)
10.Protein in meals stimulates wakefulness, while carbohydrates promote sleep.(para. 13)
(三)句子汉译英
1.不难理解高速旅行给身体带来的不适。
It is not difficult to understand the disturbing effects of rapid travel on the body.
It is not difficult to realize that the disturbing effects on the body are caused by rapid travel.
2.引起这一不同的原因之一是不同的人体活动由不同的因素控制。
One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.
3.食物中的蛋白质使人兴奋，而食物中的碳水化合物使人易于入睡。
Protein in food stimulates wakefulness, while carbohydrates promote sleep.
(
4.时差反应是每一个国际旅行者可能遇到的问题。
The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across.
5.等待几天直到身体的调节机制自然适应新时区，这并不可行。
It is not feasible to wait a few days until the body's regulatory mechanisms are used to the new time
zone.
历年考题
1.In practical application, concentration is not _____ the definition may imply. (99.4)
A.as simple to deal successfully with as
B.so simple to deal successfully with that
C.simpler to deal successfully with as that
D.as same simple to deal successfully with as
答案： A
考点：本题主要考查 as … as 搭配表示"和 … .一样"。而选项 D 中 as 的后面还有一个词 same 。 因
为 same 表示的意思也是同样， 与… 同样的意思与 as … as 意义重复，因此不选 D。
2.Understand what Jet Lag is, and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects, ______. (99.10)
A.your flight will be less stressful
B.and your flights will be less stressful
C.or your flights will be less stressful
D.in order that your flights will be less stressful
答案： B
分析：本句是一个 and 连接的并列句。因此只有 B 符合题意。
3.Coffee delays the body clock in the morning, and advances _____ at night. (00.4)
A.it
B.them
C.the coffee
D.the body
答案： A
分析： 本句是个并列句， and 连接的两个句子结构应一致。因此， advances 后面的宾语应是the
body，而为了避免重复，因此用代词 it 代替。
4.汉译英： 快速旅行对人体的影响比我们意识到的要大得多。 (00. 10)
The effects of rapid travel on the human body are much greater than we realize.
5 .The other timing system belongs in our internal clocks, which , left ______, would tie the body to a
25-hour rhythm. (03.4)
A. behind
B.alone
C.out
D.aside
答案： B
考点：本题主要考查分词短语 leave alone，不管， 不理，把 …放在一边。
(
Text A Aging in European Countries
课文简介
在过去50年中， 欧洲国家的人口年龄结构经历了巨大的变化： 所有的发达国家都进入了老龄化
行列，并且老龄化的趋势还在继续。
老龄化有诸多原因。一个社会的人口增长率越接近零，它的人口就可能越老龄化。造成老年人
比率高的实际原因是出生率的下降， 而不是死亡率的下降。
预期寿命正在变长。
Para. 1 Aged countries in Europe are briefly introduced
Paras .2-4 Different ideas about the problem are discussed.
Para.5 Expectation of life is becoming longer.
I.New Words
1.classify vt.把 …分类，把 …分等级；
be classified as
2.aged a.年老的， 老的
3.northwestern a. 在西北的，向西北的
4.approximate a./vt ./vi.近似的， 大约的；近似，接近；
5.paradox n.似非而可能是的论点， 自相矛盾的话
6.proportion n. 比率，比例
7.dependency n.从属；依赖
independency on
independent a 独立的
8.advantageous a. 有利的， 有助的
-ous 是形容词后缀
加前缀-dis 就是反义
9.liability n.责任，义务
ability n. 能力
liability 负责
它的形容词是 liable 负责任的，有义务的
10.inactive a.不活动的；不活跃的
act v.活跃
active 活动的
11.appreciation n.欣赏，鉴赏；正确评价；感激，感谢；
appreciate
12.salient a.突出的， 凸起的
13.resettlement n.重新定居，重新安置
14.acknowledge vt.承认，表示感谢
15.fore ad./a/ n 在前面,先时的， 先前的；前部
16.gathering n.聚集，集会
(
gathering= meeting
17.birthrate n. 出生率
18.elsewhere ad.在别处； 向别处
19.demography n.人口统计学
20.alter v.. 改变，改动
alter ＝change
21.experiential ad.经验的， 凭经验的
22.continued a. 继续的， 连续的
23.lengthen vt./vi.使延长， 变长
名词或形容词后面加"en"变为相应的动词， length→lengthen 变长 wide →widen 变宽
24.wealthy a. 富裕的， 丰富的
n+y=a.
比如:sun (n. ) → sunny=a.
rain →rainy
25.neglect vt./n.忽视，忽略
26.expectation n.期待，估计寿命
27.slippery a.滑的，圆滑的
28.demographer n.人口学家
29.revision n.修订，修改
30.upwards ad. 向上，趋向上升
词组： Phrases and Expressions
1.to approximate to 与 …接近
2.to the fore 在前面， 到前面；在显著地位
3.resistance to 对 … 的阻力
be classified as 把 … 分类为， 把 …列为
be due for 应该得到，该 … 时候
词汇精讲:
1.classify: vt.把 …分类
派生词： classification n.分类； classical a. 古典的， 经典的
用法： classify … as 把 …划分为； 把 …列为
The books in the library are classified according to subject.
图书馆里的书是按照科目分类的。
Memory can be classified as short- term memory and long -term memory.
记忆可分为长期记忆和短期记忆。
2.proportion : n.. 比率，比例
词组： in proportion 与 …成比例； out of proportion 与 … 不成比例
The different parts of the house are in perfect proportion.
这幢房子的各部分比例很匀称。
His earnings are out of proportion to his skill and ability.
他的收入与他的技术能力很不相称。
The price of the article is out of proportion to its value.
这件商品的价格与它的价值很不相称。
3.appreciation : n.欣赏，感激
派生词： appreciate v.
(
I have great appreciation of Shakespeare.我非常欣赏莎士比亚。
You should show appreciation for the things your friends do for you.
你应当对你的朋友为你所做的事情表示感谢。
Their appreciation of the performance was expressed in loud cheers.
热烈的喝彩表达了他们对演出的赞赏。
4.acknowledge : vt.承认;对 …表示感谢
He refused to acknowledge that he had done wrong.
他拒绝承认自己做错了。
We must acknowledge his letter.我们必须告诉他已经收到了他的来信。
He reluctantly acknowledged the mistakes in his statement.
他勉强承认了他陈述的谬误之处。
5.alter: v. 改变，改动
The waiter apologized the altered the figure on the bill.
服务员道了歉并把账单上的数目改了过来。
The village hasn't altered much since the last time I was there.
与我上次在那时相比， 这个村子并没有多大的变化。
Conditions have altered radically.情况发生了根本的变化。
6.lengthen : v.使延长， 变长，延伸
派生词： length n.长度， 长
I'll have to lengthen this skirt.我得把这条裙子放长。
There is a plan to lengthen the three-year course to four years.
有计划要将这个三年制课程延长为四年。
7.neglect ：v./n.忽视，忽略
He neglected his studies, so he failed to pass the exam.
他忽视了学业，因此没能通过考试。
Don't neglect to lock the door when your leave.离开时别忘了锁门。
He always neglects his own health.他总是不注意自己的健康。
近义词： ignore v.忽视，不顾(主要指故意忽视，不管)；
例： I said hello to her, but she ignored me completely.
我向她打招呼，她竟不理睬我。
I can't ignore his rudeness any longer.我不能再无视他的粗鲁了。
8.expectation: n.期待，预料
派生词： expect v.期待，期望
The size of the loss was beyond all of our expectations.
损失的数目超出了我们所有人的预料。
There are widespread expectations that the UK will cut its interest rate.
人们普遍预测英国会降低利率。
词组： phrases
1.to approximate to:大体是， 近于，近似， 与 …接近
Your latest design approximates much more closely to what I understand the building to be like.
你的最新设计与我所想的那房子的模样接近得多了。
His description of the event approximated to the truth.
他对事件的描述接近事实。
2.resistance to:对 … 的阻力， 抵制
(
There will be fierce resistance to these proposals.
这些提议将会遭到激烈的抵制。
She has little resistance to germs and so is often ill.
她对病菌缺乏抵抗力， 因而经常生病。
II.重点句子讲解
Aging in European Countries
We have to realize how old, how very old, we are. Nations are classified as "aged" when they have 7
per cent or more of their people aged 65 or above, ( 1 ) and by about 1970 every one of the advanced
countries had become like this 。of the really ancient societies, with over 13 per cent above 65, all are in
Northwestern Europe. (2) At the beginning of the I980's East Germany had 15.6 per cent, Austria, Sweden,
West Germany and France had 13.4 per cent or above, and England and Wales 13.3 per cent. Scotland had
12.3 per cent. Northern Ireland 10.8 per cent and the United States 9.9 per cent. We know that we are
getting even older, and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its
population is likely to be - at least, for any future that concerns us now. (3)
(1)Nations are classified as "aged" when they have 7 percent or more of their people aged 65 or above.
当一个国家有7%或更多的人到65岁以上时，这个国家就被列为老龄化国家之列。
本句中 are classified as 是一个动词短语，意为"把 …分类为"as 作主语补足语；
句中 when 引导一个时间状语从句。above 在此句中的意思是"以上"。
(2) 该句的正常语序为 All of the really ancient societies, with over 13 percent above 65, are in
Northwestern Europe 。由于主语中心词 all 与谓语动词 are 间隔太长，因此倒装以显得紧凑。with over
13 per cent above 65 ，"有13%以上的人超过65岁"
(3)主句 we know 后边有两个由that 引导的宾语从句。
在第二个宾语从句中用了"越 …就越"的结构。
To these now familiar facts a number of further facts may be added, some of them only recently
recognized. (4) There is the apparent paradox that the effective cause of the high proportion of the old is
births rather than deaths(5)There is the economic principle that the dependency ratio - the degree to which
those who cannot earn depend for a living on those who can - is more advantageous in older societies like
ours than in the younger societies of the developing world, because lots of dependent babies are more of a
liability than numbers of the inactive aged. (6) There is the appreciation of the salient historical truth that
the aging of advanced societies has been a sudden change.
(4) 本句用了倒装语序，正常语序为 A number of further facts may be added to these now familiar
facts, some of them only recently recognized. 这里使用倒装语序是为了与上文连贯。some of them only
recently recognized 是过去分词的独立结构，作伴随状语。
(5)该句中 that 引导同位语从句修饰 paradox,
有这样一个似非而是的论点：造成老年人比率高的真正原因是出生人数而不是死亡人数。
(6) 本句是一句含有多个从句的长句，该句中 that 引导同位语从句修饰 principle ，同位语从句
的主语是 There is the economic principle，谓语是 is more advantageous，破折号之间的部分是对于 the
dependency ratio 的解释。在这个破折号中的成分中含有3个从句，to which 引导一个定语从句修饰前
面的名词 degree,后面的两个who 引导的从句分别修饰前面的代词 those 。 句中同位语从句的主要结
构为"the dependency ration … is more advantageous in … . than in … ."。句末的 because 引导的是一个原
因状语从句，修饰前面的主句。
句意为：有这样一条经济原则：抚养率-- 即不能赚钱养活自己的人对能挣钱养家的人的依赖程度
(
--在我们这样老龄化社会里比发展中世界的较年轻社会里要更有利，因为大量需要抚养的孩子与大批
不能工作的老年人相比，更是一个负担。
If "revolution" is a rapid resettlement of the social structure, and if the age composition of the society
counts as a very important aspect of that social structure, then there has been a social revolution in
European and particularly Western European society within the lifetime of everyone over 50. (7) Taken
together, these things have implications which are only beginning to be acknowledged. (8) These facts and
circumstances were well to the fore earlier this year at a world gathering about aging as a challenge to
science and to policy, held at Vichy in France. (9)
(7)句，该句是由两个有 if 引导的条件从句加上一个主句。
(8) 句中 taken together 是一个过去分词短语作状语；which 引导一个定语从句，修饰前面的名
词 implications。
(9)句中 about aging as a challenge to science and to policy,和 held at Vichy in France.都是
a world gathering (世界大会) 的后置定语，前者说明会议的主题 (老龄化对科学与政策的挑战)，
后者说明会议的举办地点(法国维希)。
There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birthrate fell earlier in Western and
Northwestern Europe than elsewhere, rather than because of any change in the death rate, that we have
grown so old. (10)But this is what elementary demography makes clear. Long life is altering our society, of
course, but in experiential terms. We have among us a very much greater experience of continued living
than any society that has ever preceded us anywhere, and this will continue. ( 11 ) But too much of that
lengthened experience, even in the wealthy West, will be experience of poverty and neglect, unless we do
something about it.
(10)句的主干结构是 " There is often resistance to the idea … ."其中 idea 有一个 that 引导的同位
语从句，而同位语从句本身又是一个强调句，即 it is … .that … 结构，被强调的是一个原因状语从句。
注意此句被强调部分较长。
(11)句中 among us 作谓语动词 have 的状语， 正常的语序为 We have a very much greater
experience of continued living among us than any society that has ever preceded us anywhere,
and this will continue. 由于宾语过长，所以将状语 among us 提前。
译文为： 我们比以前任何一个社会更经历着长寿，这种情况还将继续下去。
If you are now in your thirties, you ought to be aware that you can expect to live nearly one third of
the rest of your life after the age of 60. The older you are now，of course, the greater this proportion will be,
and greater still if you are a woman. Expectation of life is a slippery figure, very easy to get wrong at the
highest ages. At Vichy the demographers were telling each other that their estimates of how many old there
would be and how long they will live in countries like England and Wales are due for revision upwards.
(12)
(12) At Vichy 作地点状语；从 that 到句子结束是一个宾语从句，作谓语动词 tell 的宾语；在宾
语从句中还含有两句 how 引导的宾语从句， " how many old there would be"和 " how long they will
live in countries like England and Wales"分别作介词 of 的宾语。
due :应付的
dur for： Our salary scales are due for revision.
People are now very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.
(
Text B Children's Self-esteem
I.New Words
title: esteem ＝respect 自尊心， 尊敬
1.esteem vt./n.尊敬，尊重
2.cope vi.对付，妥善处理(with)
3.parenting n.父母对孩子的养育
4.tone n. 1.音调，音色； 2.腔调，语气； 3.[语]声调，语调
5.infant n.婴儿，幼儿； a. 婴儿的， 幼儿的
6.lovable a.可爱的， 讨人喜欢的
7.manageable a. 易管理的
8.unlovable a. 不可爱的；不讨人喜爱的
9.worthless a. 1.无价值的，无用的； 2.不足道的，不可取的
10.ultimately ad.最后，最终地
11.self-defeating a. 1.自我挫败的； 2.有违初衷的
12.crisis([复]crises) n. 1.危机； 2.决定性时刻
13.withdraw (withdrew; withdrawn) vt. 1. 收回，提取； 2.撤退，撤销
vi. 1.撤退，退出； 2.退缩，逃避现实
14.inconsiderate a. 不替别人考虑的；不体谅人的
15.outcome n. 1.结果，结局； 2.出路，出口
16.reinforcement n.增强，加固；强化
17.tangible a. 1.可触摸的，可感知的； 2.确实的， 真实的
18.attribute n. 1.属性，特征； 2.[语]定语
vt.把 … 归因与(to)
19.fold vt./vi.折叠；对折； n.褶(痕)
20.appropriate a.适合的， 恰当的，相宜的
同义词： proper
Phrases and Expressions
1.to cope with 对付；处理
2.no other．．．than 1．除 …外没有， 只有； 2．正是， 就是
3.to take advantage of 1．利用； 2．占 …便宜
4.to act out 1．将 …表演出来；2 ．(用行动)表示出来
重点词汇：
cope with =deal with
unlovable 的反义词：lovable
appropriate 的同义词：proper
1.worthless : a.无价值的，无用的
派生词： worth a. 有价值的，值得的
She was criticized so much by her employers that she began to feel worthless. 她 常 常 受到 老板 的 批
评，以至于开始感到自己无用了。
(
The book is worth reading.这本书值得读。
Considerate 考虑 ，反义词：inconsiderate
2.attribute : n./vt.属性，特征，把 … 归因与
Organizing ability is an essential attribute for a good manager.组织能力是一个好的管理者的基本特
征。
The doctors have attributed the cause of the illness to lack ofproper nutrition. 医生们把这种病的起因
归于缺乏适当的营养。
We attribute our success to being in the right place at the right time.我们把成功归因于天时地利。
Phrases:
1.to cope with ＝to deal with :对付，处理
It is difficult to cope with such a complex matter.处理这样一件复杂的事很困难。
Could you give me something to help me cope with the pain.医生，你能不能给我一点东西止痛？
2.no other … than : 除 …外没有， 只有；正是
He has no books other than the Bible. 除圣经以外他没有别的书。
He has visited no other place than Beijing.他除了北京外没去过别的地方
In his composition, there were no other errors than a few misspelled words .在他的作文里除了几个拼
写错误的词外，没有别的错误。
It was none other than Comrade Wang. 不是别人，正是王同志。
3.to take advantage of :利用
They took full advantage of the hotel's facilities .他们充分利用旅馆的设备。
She took advantage ofmy generosity.她利用了我的慷慨。
4.to act sth. out :用行动表现… ,扮演 …角色
The workers acted out their dissatisfaction with the management by going on a strike. 工人们以罢工
来表示他们对资方的不满。
Children's negative feelings often get acted out in bad behavior.孩子们的消极情绪往往通过不好的
行为表现出来。
II.重点句子讲解
Self-esteem is what people think about themselves - whether or not they feel valued - and when family
members have self-respect, pride, and belief in themselves, this high self-esteem makes it possible to cope
with the everyday problems of growing up. (1)
1 . Self- esteem is what people think about themselves - whether or not they feel valued - and when
family members have self- respect, pride, and belief in themselves, this high self-esteem makes it possible
to cope with the everyday problems of growing up.
该句的主干是由 and 连接的两个并列句。前一句， what 引导表语从句，破折号之间的部分是对
表语从句的解释。后一句，是一个复合句，when 引导状语从句，主句中用了 make it possible to do sth .
的结构， it 为形式宾语，不定式短语是实际宾语。
这一段告诉我们什么是自尊心，“自尊心是人们对自己的看法 -他们是否感到受重视- 当家庭成员
都拥有自尊自豪和自信时，这种高度的自尊心就能使他们应付成长中的日常问题。 ”
Successful parenting begins by communicating to children that they belong, and are loved for no other
reason than just because they exist . (2)Through touch and tone of voice parents tell their infants whether or
not they are valued, special, and loved and it is these messages that form the basis of the child's self-esteem.
When children grow up with love and are made to feel lovable despite their mistakes and failures, they are
able to interact with others in a responsible, honest, and loving way. A healthy self-esteem is a resource for
(
coping when difficulties arise, making it easier to see a problem as temporary, manageable, and something
from which the individual can emerge. (3)
2 . Successful parenting begins by communicating to children that they belong, and are loved for no
other reason than just because they exist.
此句参看教材229页注释1，no other … than“不是别的 … ，正是…”
communicate sth. to sb. 意为“使某人知道某物/某事”，由于 sth. 的部分是由 that 引导的名词性从句，
因为过长，所以后置。
本句的意思是：“成功的育儿之道始于让孩子知道，他们属于这个家庭，他们受宠爱没有别的原
因，就是因为他们自身的存在。 ”
3.A healthy self-esteem is a resource for coping when difficulties arise, making it easier to see a
problem as temporary, manageable, and something from which the individual can emerge .
"resource"的意思是：(解决困难或获得成功的)办法，手段
前面一句是主系表结构，而 making 之后的部分是现在分词短语作状语。
本句的意思是：“健康的自尊心是困难出现时解决困难的手段，它使人们比较容易把问题看成是
暂时的， 可以克服的， 并且在解决问题中个人才可以崭露头角”
If ,however, children grow up without love and without feelings of self-worth, they feel unlovable and
worthless and expect to be cheated, taken advantage of, and looked down upon by others . (4) Ultimately
their actions invite this treatment, and their self-defeating behavior turns expectations into reality. They do
not have the personal resources to handle everyday problems in a healthy way, and life may be viewed as
just one crisis after another. Without a healthy self- esteem they may cope by acting out problems rather
than talking them out or by withdrawing and remaining indifferent toward themselves and others . (5)These
individuals grow up to live isolated. Lonely lives. Lacking the ability to give the love that they have never
received.
4 .If，however, children grow up without love and without feelings of self-worth, they feel unlovable
and worthless and expect to be cheated, taken advantage of , and looked down upon by others .
take advantage of 利用，运用; look down upon :看不起 … ； 轻视 …；
注意三个不定式的被动态并列
本句的意思是：“然而，如果孩子成长过程中没有得到爱，没有感觉自我的价值，他们就会觉得
自己不讨人喜欢，毫无用处，总预想自己会被别人欺骗，利用和看不起。 ”
5.Without a healthy self-esteem they may cope by acting out problems rather than talking them out or
by withdrawing and remaining indifferent toward themselves and others .
rather than 而不是 并列两个动名词短语
本句的意思是：“没有健康的自尊心，他们处理问题时，不是把问题谈出来，而是用行动把问题
表现出来，或是采取退缩和对自己和他人保持冷淡的态度。 ”
Self-esteem is a kind of energy, and when it is high, people feel like they can handle anything. It is
what one feels when special things are happening or everything is going great. A word of praise, a smile, a
good grade on a report card, or doing something that creates pride within oneself can create this energy.
When feelings about the self have been threatened and self- esteem is low, everything becomes more of an
effort. It is difficult to hear, see, or think clearly, and others seem rude, inconsiderate, and rough. The
problem is not with others, it is with the self, but often it is not until energies are back to normal that the
real problem is recognized. (6)
6.It is not until energies are back to normal that the real problem is recognized.
强调句，强调时间状语。“直到 … 才”本句的意思是：“直到自尊心恢复正常时，真正的问题才能
被认识。 ”
(
Children need help understanding that their self-esteem and the self-esteem of those they interact with
have a direct effect on each other. For example, a little girl comes home from school and says, "I need
lovings' cause my feelings got hurt today." The mother responds to her child's need to be held and loved.
(7) If instead the responds to her child's need to be held and loved. If instead the mother said she was too
busy to hold the little girl the outcome would have been different.
7.The mother responds to her child's need to be held and loved.
句中 to be held and loved 是不定式作need 的后置定语。
本句的意思是： “这个母亲回应了孩子对拥抱和爱抚的需要”
The infant's self-esteem is totally dependent on family members, and it is not until about the time the
child enters school that outside forces contribute to feelings about the self. (6)A child must also learn that a
major resource for a healthy self-esteem comes from within. Some parents raise their children to depend on
external rather than internal reinforcement through practices such as paying for good grades on report cards
or exchanging special privileges for good behavior. (8) The child learns to rely on others to maintain a high
self- esteem and is not prepared to live in a world in which desirable behavior does not automatically
produce a tangible reward such as a smile, money, or special privileges . (9)
8 . Some parents raise their children to depend on external rather than internal reinforcement through
practices such as paying for good grades on report cards or exchanging special privileges for good behavior.
句中 to depend on external rather than internal reinforcement 是不定式作目的状语
through …behavior 是介词短语作方式状语。
本句的意思是：“一些家长培养孩子的自尊心不是通过实践依赖内在的强化力量，而是依赖外来
因素，例如成绩单分数高时给孩子钱，或者孩子表现好时给他们好处。 ”
9 . The child learns to rely on others to maintain a high self-esteem and is not prepared to live in a
world in which desirable behavior does not automatically produce a tangible reward such as a smile , money,
or special privileges.
in which 引导定语从句。
本句的意思是：“孩子就学会依赖别人来保持较强的自尊心，因而对生活在这样一个世界里缺乏
准备：即好的表现不会自动带来可以看得到的回报，如微笑，金钱或好处。 ”
Maintaining a healthy self-esteem is a challenge that continues throughout life. One family found that
they could help each other identify positive attitudes. One evening during a electric storm the family
gathered around the kitchen table, and each person wrote down two things that they liked about each family
member. These pieces of paper were folded and given to the appropriate person, who one by one opened
their special messages. The father later commented, "It was quite an experience, opening each little piece of
paper and reading the message. The father later commented, "It was quite an experience, opening each little
piece of paper and reading the message. I still have those gifts, and when I've had a really bad day, I read
through them and I always come away feeling better." (10)
10.I still have those gifts, and when I've had a really bad day, I read through them and I always come
away feeling better.
本句中 come away 意为“离开”，是指作者在读完这些纸条后离开， 是口语的用法。
feeling better 是现在分词短语作伴随状语。
本句的意思是：“我至今还保留着这些礼物，而每当我哪天运气不佳，心情不好的时候，读一遍
这些条子，心情就会变得好多了。 ”
The foundation of a healthy family depends on the ability of the parents to communicate messages of
love, trust, and self- worth to each child. This is the basis on which self-esteem is built, and as the child
(
grows, self-esteem changes from a collection of other's feelings to become personal feelings about the self.
Ultimately a person's self-esteem is reflected in the way he or she interacts with others .
语 法 虚拟语气
I.语 法
虚拟语气 subjunctive mood (参看上册书 P.539 Unit 18语法)
英语的虚拟语气是用谓语动词的变化来表示说话人对事物的看法和态度，一般说的不是客观存
在的事实，只是表示愿望、可能性、主观空想、推测、建议、要求或假设等。
虚拟语气的基本用法有三个方面；虚拟条件句与名词从句中的用法在上册书已经讲过，下册书
中是一些补充用法。
一 、非真实条件句(虚拟条件句)中，注意主句和从句的谓语动词
的搭配， 下面举例说明：
1.If you had time, you should finish your homework. (虚拟的， 说明现在你没有时间)
2.If I were you, I would go there.
3.If atomic bomb had not been used in World War II, Japenese would not have surrendered.
4.If it should rain tomorrow, what could we do?
5.If you were to come next time, I might meet you.
三种情况的主从句的谓语动词采取的虚拟形式：
条件从句 主句
违背现在
违背过去
违背未来
过去式
had+过去分词
(1) should+动词原形
(2) were+动词不定式
should/would +动词原形
should/would +have＋过去分词
should/would+动词原形
二、在名词从句中的虚拟语气
主语从句：It is(was) +形容词+ that …should +动词原形
It is necessary that the meeting should be held tonight.
important, essential, imperative, suggested …
宾语从句：及物动词 + that …should +动词原形
I suggest that the meeting should be held tonight.
Require, request, demand, propose, insist …
表语从句： 名词 +系动词 + that …should +动词原形
My suggestion is that the meeting should be held tonight.
decision, proposal, advice, order …
同位语从句：抽象名词 + that …should +动词原形
He gave the proposal that we should hold the meeting tonight.
(
三、补充用法 P.233-237
1.if only
(1)过去式表示一种假设和意愿，
(2) "would+动词原形"表示一种一时很难显示的愿望
(3)过去完成时动词表示希望和过去的事实相反的情况出现。
2.would rather /would sooner
但愿、宁愿，从句中的"that"常省略。从句中的尚未发生的动作用过去时动词表示。
动作已经发生了用过去完成时动词表示。如果跟的不是从句，后面跟原形动词。
We would rather talk about the football or weather or what we had for lunch.
3.it's (high) time that 一般使用过去时动词。
4.lest, for fear that, in case 后面的句子中要用"should+动词原形"
5.公式化句子
6.错综时间非真实条件句，即主句的谓语和从句的谓语动词表示发生的动作在不同的时间。
7.其他
II.练 习
一、词汇英译汉：
1 . classify 2.approximate 3.proportion 4.appreciation 5.acknowledge 6.alter
7 .lengthen 8.wealthy 9.neglect 10.expectation
1.to approximate to 2.resistance to 3.to cope with 4.attribute … to
二、句子英译汉：
1.Nations are classified as "aged" when they have 7percent of more of their people aged
65 or above.
2.The nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population
is likely to be - at least , for any future that concerns us now.
3 .The older you are now, of course, the greater this proportion will be, and greater
still if you are a woman .
4.If you are now in your thirties, you ought to be aware that you can expect to live
nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60.
5.If, however, children grow up without love and without feelings of self-worth, they
feel unlovable and worthless and expect to be cheated, taken advantage of, and looked down
upon by others.
look down upon :看不起…； 轻视… ;
6.without a healthy self-esteem they may cope by acting out problems rather than talking
them out or by withdrawing and remaining indifferent toward themselves and others.
7 . It is not until energies are back to normal that the real problem is recognized.
8.it is not until about the time the child enters school that outside forces contribute
to feelings about the self.
三、句子汉译英
1.老龄化已成为一个社会问题。
Aging has become a social problem.
2.人们反对这一看法来自于出生率的下降。
(
The resistance to the idea is caused by the falling of birthrates.
The fall of birthrate resulted in people' s objection to the idea.
3.人们寿命的长短取决于种种因素。
The length of life depends on various factors.
Expectation of life is due to various factors.
4.估计寿命是预计一个人能活得平均年数。
Expectation of life is the average numbers of years that a person is expected to live.
The expectancy of life is the prediction of average years a person can live.
5.长寿在改变我们的生活，改变我们的社会。
Long life is altering our life as well as our society.
Long life is changing our lives, changing our society.
四、历年考题
1.Your account of what happened yesterday approximates _____ the real facts. (99.10)
A. near
B. of
C. to
D. upon
答案： C。考点： 此题考查词组 approximate to 表示“与…接近” 。
2.汉译英： 正是由于出生率下降了，我们的社会才变得如此老龄。 (99.10)
It is because the birthrate fell that our society had grown so old.
3.Nations are _______ as "aged" when they have 7 percent or more of their people aged
65 or above.
A. limited
B. classified
C. originated
D. processed
(00.4)
答案： B。本题考查词组： classify as 表示把…列为。
4.汉译英： 一个社会的人口增长率越接近零，其人口便越老龄化。 (00.10)
The nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population
is.
5.If you are now _____ , you ought to pay more attention to your health. (01.4)
A. in the fifties
B. in your fifties
C. in fifties
D. in your fifty
答案： B.本题主要考查词组 in your fifties 表示"在你50岁时"。
6.We know that we are getting even older, and that the nearer a society approximates
to zero population
Growth, the ______ (old) its population is likely to be. (01.10)
答案： older。本题主要考查“the +形容词比较级…. the +形容词比较级”的用法。
(
7.In his composition there were no other errors ____ a few misspelled words. (02.4)
A. beside
B. except
C. then
D. than
答案： D。本题主要考查词组"no other … than "的用法， 表示“除了…外，没有… ”。
8.We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere ______ (appreciate) of
your help. (02.4)
答案：appreciation。本题中 sincere 是形容词，因此后面接名词。Appreciate 是动词，其名
词形式是 appreciation .
Text A The Campaign for Election
I.课文内容简介
美国的总统竞选每四年一次，获胜者是在共和党和民主党两个大党中产生。因为大党的候选人
有着本党忠实信徒支持这一关键的优势。
总统候选人的活动讲究战略，候选人想尽力突出表现自己强有力的领导者的形象，但选民们是
否接受他们则要看外在的因素而不是他们的个人魅力。候选人的策略受很多因素的影响，最重要的
因素是在拥有人口最多的州取胜。
Para. 1 The Democratic and the Republican parties play an important role in American
government.
Paras.2 - 6 Strategies the candidates use in the election are various.
民主党人 the Democrats
Jimmy Carter (1977 - 1981)
Bill Clinton (1993 - 2001)
John Kerry 2004 VS Bush
共和党人 the Republicans
Richard Nixon (1969 - 1974)
Ronald Reagan (1981 - 1989)
George Bush (1989 - 1993)
George W. Bush (2001-)
II.New Words
1 election
2 presidential
3 winner
4 republican
5 democratic
6 nominee
7 vote
8 certainty
n
.选举；选举权
a.
总统的， 总统职务的
n.
获胜者， 优胜者
a./n.
共和国的，共和党的；[R-]共和党
党员
a.
民主的， 民主主义的
n.
被提名者；被任命者
n./vi.
选举，投票
n.
一定；必定
(
9 nomination
n.
提名，任命
10 loyalty
n.
忠诚，忠心
11 decline
vi./vt./n.
下倾，下降；谢绝，拒绝
12 democrat
n.
民主主义者； [D-]民主党党员
13 voter
14 strategically
15 pursue
16 impact
17 headquarters
18 economy
19 strategist
20 rating
21 poll
22 stir
23 strategy
24 constitutional
25 provision
26 electoral
27 representation
28 congress
29 House
30 district
31 representative
32 presidency
33 overwhelming
词组：
n.
选举人， 投票人
ad.
战略上地，颇具策略地
vt
.追赶，追求
n./vt.
冲击，碰撞；效果，影响
n
.司令部， 指挥部
n
.经济；节约
n
.战略家
n.
等级，规格
n./vt./vi.
选举，投票；民意测验；得
到选票
vt./vi.
搅拌，搅动
n
.战略，策略
a.
宪法上规定的，组成的
n.
供应，供应品
a.
选举的
n.
描写，表现，代表
n.
大会，国会
n.
议院
n.
区，行政区
n./a.
代表，代表人；典型的，有代表性
的
n.
总统职务
a.
压倒之势的
1 to stand no chance 没有可能；没有希望
2 to identify …as 把…看成
3 impact on 对…之影响
be concerned with / about 关心，关注
词汇精讲：
1.election： n.选举，选举权
派生词： elect v.选举
When does the election take place?选举什么时候举行？
Trade union representatives are chosen by election.工会代表是通过选举产生的。
2.presidential a.总统的， 总统职务的
3.winner n.获胜者， 优胜者
4.republican a./n.共和国的，共和党的； [R-]共和党党员
5.democratic a.民主的， 民主主义的
6.nominee n.被提名者；被任命者
7.vote：n./vi.选举，投票
(
voter： n.选举人， 选民
In some countries women got the vote after World War I.第一次世界大战以后， 在一些国
家，妇女赢得了选举权。
We called a meeting in order to take a vote on the issue.我们召集会议就这一问题进行
表决。
The committee voted on the proposal, and accepted it unanimously。
委员会就这一提议进行表决并一致通过。
8.certainty n.一定；必定
9.nomination n.提名，任命
10.loyalty：n.忠诚，忠心
派生词： loyal a.忠诚的， 忠心的
I am convinced of your loyalty to the cause.我确信你对事业的忠诚。
We all have a loyalty to the company.我们对公司都很忠心。
Dogs are loyal to their owners.狗对主人很忠诚。
11.decline：v. / n.谢绝，拒绝；下降
I had to decline his invitation because I had another appointment.
我不得不谢绝他的邀请，因为我另有约会。
His health has notably declined.他的健康状况明显下降。
His hearing sensitivity declines with age.他的听力因年老而衰退。
12.democrat n.民主主义者； [D-]民主党党员
13.voter n.选举人， 投票人
14.strategically ad.战略上地，颇具策略地
15.pursue：vt.追赶，追求
派生词： pursuit n.追赶
The police pursued the wrong car.警察追错了一辆汽车。
I don't want to pursue that question now.我现在不想继续讨论那个问题。
He has made up his mind to pursue studies for a master's degree.他已决心攻读硕士研
究生。
16.impact n./vt.冲击，碰撞；效果，影响
17.headquarters n.司令部， 指挥部
18.economy： n.经济 ,节省
派生词： economic a.经济的； economical a.经济的， 节俭的
19.strategist n.战略家
20.rating n.等级，规格
21.poll n./vt./vi.选举，投票；民意测验；得到选票
22.stir：v.搅动，激发
The story stirred the boy's imagination.这个故事激发了那男孩的想象力。
She was stirring at her coffee.她当时在搅咖啡。
The return of Hong Kong created a great stir in all countries of the world.
香港回归在世界各地引起了很大的震动。
23.strategy： n. 策略，战略
派生词： strategist n.战略家； strategically ad.战略上地
A competent general is skilled in strategy.一个称职的将军是善于制定战略的。
By careful strategy, she obtained a considerable pay rise.
(
在精心策划之后，她获得了大幅度的加薪。
24.constitutional a.宪法上规定的，组成的
25.provision n.供应，供应品
26.electoral a.选举的
27.representation n.描写，表现，代表
28.congress n.大会，国会
29.House n.议院
30.district n.区，行政区
31.representative：n./ a..代表，代表人；典型的，有代表性的
派生词： represent v.代表 ；representation n.表现，代表
Many representatives of the older generation were there.老一辈的各类代表都在那里。
Is a questionnaire answered by 50 0 people truly representative of national opinion?
一份有500人作答的调查问卷是否能真正代表全国人民的意见？
32.presidency n.总统职务
33.overwhelming a.压倒之势的
词组 ：phrases
1.to stand no chance 没有可能，没有希望
He stands no chance of winning the election.他没有希望在选举中获胜。
to stand a chance 有可能， 有希望
He stands a good chance of passing the examination.他考试及格很有希望。
2.to identify …as： 把…看成，确认
He always identifies himself as one of the commoners.
他总是把自己看成是普通大众的一员。
Do you identify yourself as an optimist or a pessimist?
你把自己看成是乐观主义者还是悲观主义者？
I identified the stolen recorder as mine.我认为那个被偷的录音机是我的。
3.impact on： 对…的影响
The book made a great impact on its readers.
这本书对读者产生了很大的影响。
The invention and application of computer exert a great impact on modern industry.
电脑的发明和应用对现代工业产生了巨大影响。
III.课文精讲
The Campaign for Election
Although presidential elections occur every 4 years, many people feel that they do not
have a true understanding of how presidential campaigns operate.
The winner in the November general election is almost certain to be either the Republican
or the Democratic nominee.①A minor-party or independent candidate, such as George Wallace
in 1968, John Anderson in 1980, or Ross Perot in 1992 and 1996, can draw votes away from
the major- party nominees but stands almost no chance of defeating them.②
1.此句中， be certain to do sth.表示“一定会做某事”。
例： He is certain to agree with the plan.他肯定会同意这个计划的。
“either … or”表示“或者…或者”。
(
此句的意思： “11月大选的获胜者几乎可以肯定不是共和党就是民主党提名的候选人。 ”
2.在本句中， “draw … away from …”表示“把…从…拉走；吸引开”
例如： The on-going performance outside the classroom drew the students' attention away
from their books.教室外面正在进行的表演把学生的注意力从书本上吸引开了。
此句意思： “小党派或独立候选人，如1968年的乔治 · 华莱士、 1980年的约翰 ·安德森，或者
1992年和1996年的罗斯 ·佩罗等，可能会从大党的提名人那里拉走一些选票， 但几乎没有人可能战
胜他们。 ”
“stand almost no chance of …. ”表示“几乎没有可能”。
A major-party nominee has the critical advantage of support from the party faithful.
Earlier in the twentieth century, this support was so firm and steady that the victory of
the stronger party's candidate was almost a certainty. Warren G. Harding accepted the 1920
Republican nomination at his Ohio home, stayed there throughout most of the campaign, and
won a full victory simply because most of the voters of his time were Republicans. ③Party
loyalty has declined in recent decades, but more than two-thirds of the nation's voters
still identify themselves as Democrats or Republicans, and most of them support their
party' s presidential candidate. Even Democrat George McGovern, who had the lowest level
of party support among recent nominees, was backed in 1972 by nearly 60 percent of his party's
voters.
3.这是由三个并列谓语加一个原因状语从句构成的复合句。
沃伦 ·G · 哈定在他俄亥俄州的家中接受了1920年共和党的提名，而且竞选期间
他多数时间是呆在家里。他最终大获全胜仅仅是因为那个时期多数选民是共和党成员。
Presidential candidates act strategically. In deciding whether to pursue a course of
action, they try to estimate its likely impact on the voters.④ During the 1992 campaign,
a sign on the wall of Clinton' s headquarters in Little Rock read, “ The Economy,
Stupid.“ The slogan was the idea of James Carville, Clinton's chief strategist, and was
meant as a reminder to the candidate and the staff to keep the campaign focused on the
nation' s slow-moving economy, which ultimately was the issue that defeated Bush.⑤ As in
1980, when Jimmy Carter lost to Ronald Reagan during tough economic times, the voters were
motivated largely by a desire for change. ⑥
4.在本句中，deciding 作介词 in 的宾语；in deciding 作时间状语，表示：“在做某事的过程
中 ”
whether to pursue a course of action 是一个带疑问词的不定式短语，作动名词 deciding
的宾语； 表示： “在决定是否遵循某一行动方针时”。
to estimate its likely impact on the voters 是不定式短语作 try 的宾语， 其中 impact on
是一个名词词组，意为“对…的影响”。
全句意思： “在决定是否遵循某一项行动方针时，他们要尽量估计一下该方针对选民可能具有
的影响。 ”
5.该句是由 and 连接两个并列谓语加上一个定语从句构成的复合句。 which 引导的定语从句修
饰 economy ,属非限制性定语从句，只起补充说明作用。that 引导限制性定语从句，修饰 the issue
此句意思： “这一口号是克林顿的总战略家詹姆斯 ·卡维尔的主意，其用意是想提醒候选人及
总部人员始终把竞选的注意力集中在本国缓慢发展的经济上。而这一点正是最终击败布什的问题。”
6.在此句中 as in 1980是时间状语， as 的意思是“正如” 。when Jimmy Carter lost to Ronald
(
Reagan during tough economic times 是非限制性定语从句， 修饰1980。
正如1980年在经济艰难时期吉米 ·卡特败与罗纳德 ·里根时那样，选民很大程度上
是被他们想变革的欲望调动起来的。
Candidates try to project a strong leadership image. Whether voters accept this image,
however, depends more on external factors than on a candidate's personal characteristics.⑦
In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush's approval rating reached 91 percent, the highest level
recorded since polling began in the 1930s.⑧ A year later, with the nation's economy in
trouble, Bush's approval rating dropped below 40 percent. ⑨Bush tried to stir images of
his strong leadership of the war, but voters remained concerned about the economy. ⑽
7.本句是一个主从复合句， “whether voters accept this image”是主语从句作主语。
此句意思： “然而选民们是否接受这一形象则更取决于外在因素而不是候选人的个人特征。 ”
8.句中 the highest level recorded since polling began in the 1930s 是91 percent 的同
位语。 recorded 是过去分词作后置定语修饰 the highest level。
此句意思：“1991年海湾战争以后，布什的支持率达到91%，这是自20世纪30年代开始民意测验
以来的最高记录。 ”
9 .句中 with the nation's economy in trouble.作伴随状语
“一年以后，随着国家经济陷入困境， 布什的支持率则下降到40%以下。 ”
“ with +名词 +介词词组/形容词/分词 ”结构常在句中作状语， 表示伴随条件或原因等
举例： ①with +名词+动词现在分词
He didn't take part in the party, with his mother being ill.因为他妈妈病了， 所以他
没有参加晚会。
②with +名词+动词过去分词
With all the housework done, she went shopping.干完了所有的家务后， 她便去购物。
③with +名词+形容词
With the window open, he fell asleep.他开着窗户睡着了。
④with +名词+介词
The lecturer walked in with a file under his arm.演讲者掖下夹着一个文件走了进来。
He went out with no hat on.他没戴帽子出去了。
10.句中 remained 是系动词,concerned about the economy 是表语。
“布什试图重振其战争期间强有力的领导者形象，但选民们始终关心的是经济。 ”
The candidates' strategies are shaped by many considerations, including the
constitutional provision that each state shall have electoral votes equal in number to its
representation in Congress. ⑾ Each state thus gets two electoral votes for its Senate
representation and a varying number of electoral votes depending on its House representation.
Altogether, there are 538 electoral votes (including three for the District of Columbia,
even though it has no voting representatives in Congress) . To win the presidency, a candidate
must receive at least 270 votes, an electoral majority. ⑿
11.including the constitutional provision that each state shall have electoral votes
equal in number to its representation in Congress.分词短语，起补充说明的作用。其中 that
引导的是 provision 同位语从句，equal in number to its representation in Congress 是形容
词短语作后置定语，修饰 votes ,
短语的译文“包括宪法的这一条款：每个州具有的选举人票数与其在国会中的代表人数相同。”
12.To win the presidency,是全句的目的状语，an electoral majority 是270 votes 的同位
(
语
要赢得总统席位，候选人必须至少获得270票，即选票的大多数。
Candidates are particularly concerned with winning the states which have the largest
population,⒀ such as California (with 54 electoral votes) , New York (33) , Texas (32),
Florida (25) , Pennsylvania (23) , Illinois (22) , and Ohio (21) . Victory in the eleven
largest slates alone would provide an electoral majority, ⒁ and presidential candidates
therefore spend most of their time campaigning in those states. Clinton received only 43
percent of the popular vote in 1992, compared with Bush's 38 percent and Perot's 19 percent;
but Clinton won in states that gave him an overwhelming 370 electoral votes, compared with
168 for Bush and none for Perot.
13.句中which 引导的定语从句修饰 states,意为“人口最多的州”
候选人特别关注人口最多的几个州的州选举中获胜
14.句意为：“仅在这11个最大的州获胜就可以获得选举的多数”事实上，在11个最大的州同时
获胜几乎是不可能的， 因此本句用了虚拟语气 would provide
alone 是形容词，用于名词或代词后，意为“仅仅，只”
例： You alone can do it .只有你能作这事。
Time alone will show who was right.只有时间能表明谁对。
Text B The American Tow-party System
I.New Words
1.contest n. 1.竞争，比赛； 2.争夺，竞争； 3.争论，争辩
2.rivalry n.竞争；对抗
rival n.对手 v.竞争
There is great rivalry between the two sisters. 这两姐妹竞争激烈。
3.dozen n. 1.一打，十二个； 2.十来个， 十几个
4.nominate vt. 1．提名； 2．任命； 3．命名
5.collectively ad. 总体地； 集体地
6.electorate n.全体选民；选区
7.inevitably ad.不可避免地，必然地
8.dominance n.优势，控制，统治
dominant a.优势的， 占统治地位的； dominate v.统治，控制
This country has long been the dominant military power in the region.
这是一个长久以来在该地区占统治地位的军事强国。
9.assault n. 1.攻击，袭击； 2. (军)冲击，突击，强击
10.parliamentary a.议会的， 国会的
11.congressman ([复]congressmen) n. (美)国会议员
12.statistically ad.在统计方面
13.dominant a. 占优势的；支配的
(
14.majority n. 1. 多数，大半； 2.多数党， 多数派
major a. 多数的；
反义词： minority 少数, 少数党
15.automatically ad. 自动地； 习惯性地
16.competitor n.竞争者； 对手
compete v.竞争； competition n.竞争，比赛； competitive a. 竞争的， 对抗的
17.running n. 1.跑，赛跑；2.竞选
18.inevitable a.不可避免的，必然(发生)的
19.peaceful a. 1.平静的， 安宁的； 2.和平的， 和平方式的
20 transfer vt. 1.转移，传输； 2.调动； 3.改变
vi. 1.转移，转学； 2.换车；换船
n.转移，传输，变换
21.overturn vt./n. 1.打翻，使翻过来； 2.推翻，颠覆，毁灭
vi.翻身；倒下
22.foolproof a. 1.连傻子都懂的； 2.不会出毛病的； 3.有安全装置的
23.monopoly n.垄断；专卖
24.opposition n. 1. 反对，反抗； 2.对立，意见相反
25.monopolize v.垄断；专卖
26.moderation n. 1.温和，适度； 2.缓和，减轻
27.legislation n. 1.立法； 2.法律，法规
28.temporarily ad.暂时地， 临时地
Phrases and Expressions
1.to break up 打碎；结束；驱散；散开；分解
2.in the running 参赛，参加竞选
3.in power 掌权的， 执政的
4.out ofpower 丧失权力
5.in favour of 1.赞成，支持； 2.为 … 的利益， 有利于； 3.支付给
6.to come into power 上台；开始掌权
7.to carry on 1.经营，进行； 2.继续
词组：
1.to break up:打碎，结束
The ship broke up on the rocks .轮船触礁撞毁了。
The party didn't break up until midnight .宴会到午夜才结束。
相关词汇：to break down 损坏，(精神、健康)垮下来
to break into 强行闯入
to break out 爆发，突然出现
2.in favour of :赞成，支持；有利于
Most people are in favour of the newly-elected president.大多数人支持新当选的总统。
The council has voted in favour of a $200 million housing development. 参议会投票通过了一项两亿
美元的住宅开发计划。
3.to carry on:经营，进行；继续
He began to carry on the leather business last year.他去年开始经营皮革生意。
You just have to carry on as if nothing's happened.你们接着干吧，就当什么事也没发生。
They decided to carry on in spite of the weather.他们决定不管天气好坏都继续下去。
(
II.课文分析
The American Tow-party System
No one now living in the United Sates can remember when the contest began between the Democratic
and the Republican parties. ① It has been going on for more than a century, making it one of the oldest
political rivalries in the world. ②
1.No one now living in the United States can remember when the contest began between the
Democratic and the Republican parties. (para. 1)
living in the United States 是现在分词作定语，修饰 one.
when 引导宾语从句
2 . It has been going on for more than a century, making it one of the oldest political rivalries in the
world. (para. 1)
1) has been going on 用的是现在完成进行时。2) making 是现在分词作状语，其中 oldest 是形
容词最高级的形式
The American political system is a classical example of the two-party system. When we say that we
have a tow-party system in the United States we do not mean that we have only two parties. Usually about
a dozen parties nominate presidential candidates . We call it a two-party system because we have two large
parties and a number of small parties, and the large parties are so large that we often forget about the rest.
Usually the small parties collectively poll less than 5per cent of the vote cast in national elections.
The Democratic and Republican parties are the largest and most competitive organizations in the
American community. They organize the electorate very simply by maintaining the two-parry system..
Americans almost inevitably become Democrats or Republicans because there is usually no other place for
them to go. Moreover, because the rivalry of these parties is very old, most Americans know where they
belong in the system.. As a consequence of the dominance of the Democrats . Attempts to break up this old
system have been made in every presidential election in the past one hundred years, but the system has
survived all assaults. ③
3.Attempts to break up this old system have been made in every presidential election in the past one
hundred years, but the system has survived all assaults. (para.3)
Attempt 后面的 “to break up this old system”是动词不定式作定语，修饰 attempt。此句谓语动词
用的是现在完成时的被动语态。 make attempt to do sth.表示“企图，打算做某事”。
How does it happen that the two-party system is so strongly rooted in American politics?④The
explanation is probably to be found in the way elections are conducted. In the United States, unlike
countries with a parliamentary system of government, we elect not only the President, but a large number
of other officials, about 800,000 of them. We also elect 435 members of the House of Representatives from
435 districts (there are a few exceptions) , one member for each district . Statistically, this kind of election
favors the major parties. The system of elections makes it easy for the major parties to maintain their
dominant position, because they are likely to win more than their share of the offices. ⑤
4.How does it happen that the two-party system is so strongly rooted in American politics?
句中 it 是形式主语，实际主语是 that 引导的主语从句。(para.4)
rooted 是过去分词在本句中用于被动语态。 root 作动词表示“ (使)扎根，(使)生根”
e.g. The story is firmly rooted in reality.这个故事深深扎根于现实。
5 . The system of elections makes it easy for the major parties to maintain their dominant position,
because they are likely to win more than their share of the offices. (para.4)
句中 it 是形式宾语，不定式 to maintain their dominant position 是实际宾语，the major parties 是
(
不定式的逻辑主语。
“这种选举制度使大党容易保持优势地位，因为他们赢得的席位有可能多于应得到的席位。 ”
One of the great consequences of the system is that it produces majorities automatically. Because there
are only two competitors in the running, it is almost inevitable that one will receive a majority. Moreover,
he system tends slightly to exaggerate the victory of the winning party. This is not always true, but the
strong tendency to produce majorities is built into the system.
In over 200 years of constitutional history, Americans have learned much about the way in which the
system can be managed so as to make possible the peaceful transfer of power from one party to the other.⑥
At he level of presidential elections, the party in power has been overturned by the party out of power
nineteen times, almost once a decade. In the election of 1 8 6 0 , the political system broke down, and the
Civil War, the worst disaster in American history, resulted. Our history justifies our confidence in the
system but also shows that it is not foolproof.
6.In over 200 years of constitutional history, Americans have learned much about the way in which the
system can be managed so as to make possible the peaceful transfer of power from one party to the other.
(para.6)
句中的 in which 引导的定语从句，修饰 the way。
其中，the peaceful transfer ofpower from one party to the other 是 make 的宾语，possible 是宾语补
语；因宾语太长，所以后置。 to make … possible 使 …成为可能
e.g. His financial support made our trips possible.他在经济方面的支持使我们的出行成为可能。
Modern technology makes possible human's visits to the outer space.现 代 科 技使 人 类访 问 外层 空 间
成为可能。
The second major party is able to survive a defeat because the statistical tendency that exaggerates the
victory of the winning party operates even more strongly in favor of the second party against the third,
fourth, and fifth parties. ⑦ As a result, the defeated major party is able to maintain a monopoly of the
opposition. The advantage of the second party over the third is so great it is the only party that is likely to
be able to overturn the party in power.⑧ It is able, there fore, to attract the support of everyone seriously
opposed to the party in power. ⑨The second party is important as long as it can monopolize the movement
to overthrow the party in power, because it is certain to come into power sooner or later.
7 . The second major party is able to survive a defeat because the statistical tendency that exaggerates
the victory of the winning party operates even more strongly in favor of the second party against the third,
forth, and fifth parties. (para.7)
句子的主干是：主句＋because 引导的原因状语从句， 原因状语从句中有一个定语从句，由 that
引导，修饰 the statistical tendency
8.The advantage of the second party over the third is so great that it is the only party that is likely to be
able to overturn the party in power. (para.7)
英语中表示“比 …有优势”可用“advantage over … .”
e.g. We have one advantage over our rivals: our player are taller.我们比对方胜过一筹， 我们的队员
个子比较高。
9.It is able, therefore, to attract the support of everyone seriously opposed to the party
in power. (para.7)
to oppose to the party in power 反对执政党
Another consequence of the two-party system is that whereas minor parties are likely to identify
themselves with special interests or special programs and thus take extreme positions, the major parties are
so large that they tend to be moderate. ⑩ Evidence of the moderation of the major parties is that much
(
business is conducted across party lines . What happens when the Democrats control one house of Congress
and the Republicans control the other? About the same volume of legislation is passed as when one party
controls both houses, although some important legislation is likely to be blocked temporarily. It is possible
to carry on the work of the government even when party control is divided because party differences are not
fundamental.
10.Another consequence of the two- party system is that whereas minor parties are likely to identify
themselves with special interests or special programs and thus take extreme positions, the major parties are
so large that they tend to be moderate.
本句的主干为“主句+that 引导的表语从句”，表语从句较长，是由 whereas 引导的一个并列句。
本句意思是： “两党制的另一个结果是小党很可能认同某种特殊利益或特殊计划而采取极端立场，而
大党则因为如此庞大， 所以倾向于中庸之道。 ”
语法 练习
补充语法知识：动名词的用法
动名词相当于名词，在句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语
一、作主语
Forgetting the past means betrayal.
There is no joking about such matters.
It is no use waiting here.
二、作宾语
1 . 作及物动词的宾语：一些及物动词后边要求跟动名词作宾语(参看上册P284)
例如： practice, enjoy, appreciate, suggest, excuse, pardon, avoid, postpone,
delay, mind, admit, risk, miss, deny, resist,
You should practice speaking the language every day.
2.作介词的宾语
例如 : be used to, become used to, get used to, look forward to,
A minor-party or independent candidate can draw votes away from the major-party nominees
but stands almost no chance of defeating them.
三、作表语
表示抽象事物和一般行为，即：将一个动作看成一个事物
例如 : One easily monitored rhythm is palm sweating.
My job is teaching.
(对比现在分词作表语，只起描述作用，相当于形容词，而且多数与心理状态有关。例如：
Interesting, exciting, surprising, understanding…)
(
四、作定语
表示被修饰的名词的功能、用途，放在所修饰的名词前
例如 :drinking water, washing machine, running shoes, drawing paper, working method
(对比现在分词作定语，和它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系，例如：
singing girl, walking man, running water, sleeping child, working people
五、动名词复合结构
动名词前边也可以加上表示行为的主体，成为动名词的逻辑主语
例如： What is the use of my doing that?
Nothing can stop me trying again.
Do you mind John driving you home?
04年10月考题中，词形变化题
Either of these factors could account for some individuals being (be) able to do well
using inefficient methods.
being 是动名词，some individuals 是逻辑主语， using inefficient methods.是状语
account for：解释…的原因,
这两种因素中哪一种都能解释某些人用效率不高的方法都能学得很好。
Unit 10 练习
一、词汇英译汉：
1.election 2.vote 3.certainty 4.loyalty 5.decline
6 .democrat 7.strategy 8.pursue 9.impact 10.headquarters
11.economy 12.stir 13.congress 14.representative
to identify…as impact on
二、句子英译汉：
1 .Candidates try to project a strong leadership image. (para.4)
2.Whether voters accept this image, however, depends more on external factors than on
a candidate's personal characteristics. (para. 4 )
此句注意主语从句作主语。
3.A year later, with the nation's economy in trouble, Bush's approval rating dropped
below 40 percent.
4.Candidates are particularly concerned with winning the states which have the largest
population.
5.Clinton received only 43 percent of the popular vote in 1992, compared with Bush's
38 percent and Perot's 19 percent.
6 .In deciding whether to pursue a course of action, they try to estimate its likely
impact on the voters.
7.Warren G. Harding accepted the 1920 Republican nomination at his Ohio home, stayed
there throughout most of the campaign, and won a full victory simply because most of the
voters of his time were Republicans.
8.“The Economy, Stupid. ”The slogan was the idea of James Carville, Clinton's chief
strategist, and was meant as a reminder to the candidate and the staff to keep the campaign
(
focused on the nation's slow-moving economy, which ultimately was the issue that defeated
Bush.
三、句子汉译英
1.在美国每四年举行一次总统大选。
The presidential election takes place every four years in the United States.
2.多数党被提名者得到的支持率往往高出少数党候选人。
A majority party nominee usually has the advantage of support over a minority party
one.
A major-party nominee always gets higher approval rating than a minor-party nominee.
3.策略在总统竞选中起关键性的作用。
Strategies play a critical role in the election.
Strategy is critical in the presidential election.
4.为了争取选票，总统候选人特别关注那些重要的州。
To win the presidency, a candidate is particularly concerned with winning the states
which are important.
In order to get the votes, presidential candidates are concerned with those important
states.
5.美国有十几个政党，其中只有两个党是主要党。
There are about a dozen political parties in America, only two of which are major parties.
历年考题：
1.Victory in the eleven ______ (large) states alone would provide an electoral majority.
(99.10)
答案： largest。此题主要考查 large 的最高级。
2 . Even Democrat George McGovern, ____ _ had the lowest level of party support among
recent
Nominees, was backed in 1972 by nearly 60 percent of his party's voters. (99.10)
A. who
B. whose
C. that
D. which
答案： A. who 引导的非限定性定语从句。
3.汉译英： 这与其说取决于候选人的个人特点不如说取决于外部因素。(00.4)
答 案 ： This depends on external factors rather than on a candidate' s personal
characteristics.
4.In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush's approval rating reached 91 percent, the highest
level recorded since polling ______ (begin) in the 1930s. (00.10)
答案： began。此题考查过去时，因为有一个明显的过去时间状语“in the 1930s”。
5.Americans have learned much about the way in which the system can be managed so as
to _____ the peaceful transfer of power from one party to the other. (01.4)
A. make it possible
(
B. make possible
C. make possibly
D. make it possibly
答案： B.本题中 make 的宾语太长，所以放到了宾补 possible 的后面。 “make … possible”
表示“使…成为可能”。
6.In deciding _____ a course of action, the candidate tried to estimate its likely impact
on the voters. (02.4)
A. what to pursue
B. which to pursue
C. whether to pursue
D. if to pursue
答案： C.分析：所要填的空是 deciding 的宾语。而 pursue 后面的宾语是 a course of action。
选项 A “what to pursue”, what 是宾语。选项 B 中， which 也是作主语或宾语。选项 D.语法结构
不对，因此选 C.
7.A major-party nominee has the critical advantage in the campaign for the presidential
election _______ he has the support from the party faithful. ( 03，10)
A. in that
B. in which
C. for which
D. for that
答案： A “在于” (复合连词表示原因)
Text A Sacrificed to Science?
课文简介： 本文主要论述了以下三点：
1.对待用动物来做医学实验的不同观点。有些人认为动物研究是不必要的，不相关的，甚至是
起误导作用。另一种观点认为，如果把还没有在动物身上彻底实验过的药物用在人身上，那是完全
不负责任和不道德的。用动物来做实验对现代医疗科学的发展起着至关重要的作用。
2.很多科学家一直在致力于减少( Reduction) 、 改 进 ( Refinement) 和代替( Replacement)
对动物的实验。
3.随着研究技术日益先进，可能会减少用动物做实验的数量，但只要医疗研究还要继续，只要
用于消费者身上的产品还需准确实验，彻底停止使用动物还很遥远。
Paras. 1 —6 The different ideas on animals testing.
Paras.7— 11 New research in developments makes the number of animals used in laboratory
tests decline.
Paras.12— 14 Even though we don’t want to do animal research for medical use, stopping
testing on animals is not easy. s
(
1 anaesthetics
2 vaccine
3 diabetes
4 developmental
5 disorder
6 irrelevant
7 misleading
8 irresponsible
9 unethical
10 thalidomide
11 replacement
12 refinement
13 simulate
14 cell
15 toxicity
16 eventual
17 dose
18 replace
19 tube
20 partly
21 polio
22 biomedical
23 ethics
24 undergo
25 suitable
26 rabbit
27 litter
28 refine
29 regeneration
30 paralyse
31 regrow
32 reproduce
New Words
n.麻醉学
n./a.牛痘苗； 疫苗；牛痘的；疫苗的
n.糖尿病
a.发展的， 开发的
n./vt.混乱；失调；使混乱
a.不相干的，离题的
a.引入歧途的，使人误解的
a.不负责任的，无责任感的
a.不合伦理的；不合道德的
n. [药]萨立多胺
n.复位，复职；替换，代替
n.精炼，精制
vt.假装，冒充；模仿，模拟
n.细胞
n.毒性
a.最后的， 结局的
n. (一次) 剂量
vt.把…放回(原处)；使恢复；更换
n.管，软管；试管
ad.部分地， 在一定程度上
n.脊髓灰质炎，小儿麻痹症
a.生物医学的
n.伦理学， 伦理观
vt.经历，经受；忍受
a.合适的， 适当的
n.兔
n./vt. (供动物睡眠或植物防冻的)干草；
杂乱无章；为(动物) 铺草；乱丢
vt./vi.提纯，精制；使精美， 使改进
n.新生，再生，复兴
vt.使麻痹， 使瘫痪；
vt.再生长， 重新生长
vt.繁殖；再生产；复制
词组：
1 to sacrifice to 向…献祭；为..而牺牲；
2 to do research into 进行…的研究
3 be central to 对…极为重要的
4 to do experiment on 用…做实验
5 be irrelevant to 与…不相干； 不切题
6 to test on 对…进行试验
7 to aim for 瞄准；以…为目标
(
词汇精讲 :
1.disorder: n. / vt.混乱，失调，紊乱
派生词： order n.顺序，秩序
The whole office was in a state of disorder – she couldn’t find a thing that she looked
for.
整个办公室里一片混乱，她要找的东西一样也找不到。
The police tried to quiet the disorders in the streets.警察设法平息街头的骚乱。
dis-,ir-,un- ,il-是反意前缀
2.irrelevant : a.不相干的，离题的
派生词： relevant a.相关的， 相干的
The documents are largely irrelevant to the present investigation.
这些文件与目前进行的调查基本上不相干。
mis-前缀表示错误，弄错
3.irresponsible：a.不负责任的，无责任感的
派生词： responsible a.负责任的
It would be irresponsible of me to encourage you to invest in the poorly managed company.
如果我鼓励你投资于该管理不善的公司，那是不负责任。
He is irresponsible for what he says.他对自己所说的话不负责任。
注：类似表示反意的前缀，在字母 r 前 : ir- irregular、irrelevant
在字母 l 前: il- illegal
在字母 m .p.b 前: im- impossible , immovable , imbalance
在字母前 : in- independent , inactive , incapable 等
re-前缀表示重复
cell 细胞，蜂窝， cell-phone 手机
4.simulate: vt.假装，冒充，模仿，模拟
In cheap furniture, plastic is often used to simulate wood.在廉价家具中，常用塑料冒
充木料。
5.eventual：a.最后的， 结局的
同义词： last, finally, in the end
The eventual decision came after weeks of consideration.经过数周的考虑后最终作出了
决定。
There are still many problems to be resolved, but we remain optimistic about an eventual
agreement.尽管还有很多问题要解决，但我们对达成最终协议仍抱乐观态度。
6.replace：vt.代替，取代； =to take the place of (强调完全取代)
同义词：substitute v.代替(强调临时性的代替。例：He substitutes as our teacher of
English. )
辨析： substitute … for ; replace … with
We’ve substituted a computer for that old machine.我们用电脑代替了那台旧机器。
We’ve replaced the old machine with a computer.我们用电脑取代了那台旧机器。
7.partly: ad.部分地， 在一定程度上
What you say is partly true.你说的话一部分是真实的。
His attractiveness is partly due to his self-confidence.他的魅力部分是由于他的自信。
(
8.undergo：vt.经历，经受；忍受
The ship successfully underwent sea trial in coastal waters. 那条船在近海水域试航成
功。
He had undergone great hardship in bringing up his five children.
他受了不少苦才把五个孩子抚养成人。
9.litter v./n.乱丢，乱丢的垃圾
例： litter is garbage。垃圾： rubbish,refuse,waste,disposal
以-sis 结尾的名词变复数，变 sis 为-ses .
词组 ：phrases
1.to sacrifice to:向…献祭；为…而牺牲；
It was the practice of these people to sacrifice to their gods when rain had not fallen.
这些人有祭神求雨的习俗。
They are prepared to sacrifice everything to achieve victory.他们准备牺牲一切去争取
胜利。
2.to do research into:进行…的研究
They are doing some fascinating research into the language of bees.
他们正在对蜜蜂的语言进行一些有趣的研究。
Research into atomic energy should be conducted with a view to its peaceful use.
研究原子能应该服务于和平的目的。
3.be central to:对..极为重要的，是...的重点
Reducing inflation is central to the government’s economic policy.
缩减通货膨胀是政府经济政策的重点。
Community involvement is central to our plan.群众参与对于我们计划的实施非常重要。
4.to aim for:瞄准；以…为目标
We are aiming for a 50% share of the German market.
我们的目标是取得德国市场50%的份额。
She was aiming for a promotion.她想获得提升。
课文精讲：
Sacrificed to Science?
Professor Colin Blakemore works at Oxford University Medical School doing research into
eye problems and believes that animal research has given humans many benefits:①
1.句中 doing research into eye problems 是一个现在分词短语作状语，起补充说明的作用；
believes 作works 的并列谓语； that 引导的从句作 believe 的宾语从句。
本句译文：“科林 ·布莱克默教授任职于牛津大学医学院，正在对眼睛疾病进行研究，他认为，
用动物进行研究给人带来了很多好处。 ”
The use of animals has been central to the development of anaesthetics, vaccines and
treatments for diabetes, cancer, developmental disorders. . . most of the major medical
advances have been based on a background of animal research and development.
There are those who think the tests are simply unnecessary. The International
Association Against Painful Experiments on Animals is an organization that promotes the
use of alternative methods of research which do not make animals suffer. Their spokesman
Colin Smith says:
(
make animals suffer 中的“suffer”是其实是不带“to”的不定式，是不定式作宾补的结构。
Animal research is irrelevant to our health and it can often produce misleading results.
People and animals are different in their reactions to drugs and in the way their bodies
work. We only have to look at some of the medical mistakes to see this is so.
But Professor Blackmore stresses:
It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people that had not
been thoroughly tested on animals. ②The famous example of thalidomide is a case for more
animals testing, not less. ③ The birth defects that the drug produced were a result of
inadequate testing. If thalidomide were invented today, it would never be released for human
use because new tests on pregnant animals would reveal the dangers.④
2.本句用了虚拟语气，是与现在事实相反的假设。虽然没有用虚拟条件句的形式，但表示虚拟
的意义。因为作者认为，药品不经动物实验就用在人身体上的可能性极小。
that 引导的定语从句修饰先行词 drugs。把本句改为虚拟条件句： It would be completely
irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people if they had not been thoroughly tested
on animals.
本句译文： “如果把还没有在动物身上彻底实验过的药物用在人身上，那是完全不负责任和不
道德的。 ”
3.为了避免重复， less 后面省略了 animal testing.句意为： “著名的萨立多胺的例子就说明
应该对动物进行更多的试验，而不是更少。 ”
4.本句也是一句表示与现在情况相反的虚拟条件句。在虚拟条件中，动词 be 不管用于什么人称
都用 were。“because”引导的从句为原因状语从句。
本句译文： “如果萨立多胺是今天发明的， 它就决不会用在人身上，因为对怀孕的动物的新试
验将会发现这种危险。 ”
Another organization that is developing other methods of research is FRAME. This is
the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments. It recognizes that many
experiments still have to be done on animals and is aiming for Reduction. Refinement and
Replacement of animals in experiments. In 1 9 81 , it established a research programme to
improve and expand non- animal testing. Increasingly, new technology is making it easier
for us to find alternative methods of testing. Computer models can be used to simulate the
way that cells work and to try to predict the toxicity of chemicals.⑤ Data from previous
animal experiments is used to develop a computer model which will predict what will happen
if you add a chemical with an unknown biological effect to a substance.⑥ The eventual aim
of computer modeling is to reduce the number of animals used in experiments.
5.此句中 to simulate the way 和 to try to predict the toxicity of chemicals 是并列状
语，用来表示使用计算机模型的目的。 that cells work 是定语从句，修饰 the way.
本句译文： “计算机模型可用来模拟细胞的活动方式和预报化学药品的毒性”
6.在本句中，共有三个从句：
名词+ which 引导的一个定语从句修饰名词model；
what 引导一个宾语从句，作动词 predict 的宾语；
if 引导一个条件状语从句， 作 happen 的状语。其中 add…to 是一个动词词组，意思是“把…
增加到…”。
本句译文：可用从以前的动物实验获取的数据来建立一个计算机模型，这个模型能够预报如果
将某一生物效果不明的化学药品添加到另一种物质上将会出现什么情况。
(
The Lethal Dose 50 test (LD50) may also be replaced. In the original test, all the
animals in a test group are given a substance until half of them die. The test indicates
toxicity. A method using a fixed amount, which gives the same eventual information but uses
fever animals and does not require that they die, may replace the LD50.⑦ Many other new
techniques are now available that enable more research to be done in the test tube to see
if chemicals produce harmful biological effects.⑧
7.该句的主干结构为“A method may replace the LD50. ”“using a fixed amount ”和“which
gives the same eventual information but uses fewer animals and does not require that they
die”分别是分词短语和定语从句做 method 的定语。
本句译文： “另一种方法是使用固定量的有毒物质，能够给出同样的最终信息，但使用较少的
动物并且不需要它们死亡，这个方法可以代替 LD50。 ”
8.此句中 that 引导的定语从句修饰 techniques;因为从句过长，所以放到了主句谓语 are now
available 之后。这是由于修辞需要而引起的倒装。
本句译文： “现在已有很多别的新技术，使更多的研究能在试管里进行，以便发现化学药品是
否产生有毒的生物效果。 ”
The number of animals used in laboratory tests has declined over the last 20 years.
This is partly due to alternatives and partly to the fact that experiments are better
designed so fewer need to be used ---healthier animals provide better experimental results.
⑨For example, it used to take 36 monkeys to test a sample of polio vaccine, now it takes
only 22. Also, lack of money has reduced the number of animals used — they are expensive
to buy and expensive to keep.
9.句中“that”引导同位语从句修饰 the fact; fewer 之后省略了 experiments。其中 due to
表示“由于…”的意思。
本句译文： “这部分地是由于采用了替代的方法，部分地是由于实验比以前设计得更好， 所以
需要的动物就少了。 ”
Birmingham University now has Britain' s first department of Biomedical Ethics.
Professor David Morton of the department is involved in animal research and is concerned
with reducing animal suffering as much as possible. Animals spend
95%
of their time in their
cages and refinement also means making their lives better when not undergoing tests. This
includes keeping them in more suitable cages, allowing social animals like dogs to live
together and trying to reduce the boredom that these animals can experience.
In Professor Morton's laboratory, rabbits live together in large runs, filled with deep
litter and boxes that they can hide in. The researchers have also refined some experiments.
In the US, one experiment in nerve regeneration involves cutting a big nerve in a rat's
leg, leaving its leg paralysed. ⑩In Morton's lab, the researcher cuts a small nerve in
the foot. He can see if it can regrow and the rat can still run around its cage.
10.句中 leaving its leg paralysed 是现在分词短语作 cutting 的结果状语，其中 paralysed
是宾语补语。
本句译文： “在美国，进行一次神经再生实验要在老鼠腿上切掉一大段神经， 结果就把它的腿弄瘫
痪了。
Even with these new developments in research, only a tiny proportion of all tests are
done without using animals at some stage. The use of animals in experiments cannot stop
immediately if medical research is to continue and consumer products are to be properly
tested, and Professor Blakemore believes that sometimes there are no alternatives:
(
Wherever possible, for both ethical and scientific reasons, we do not use animals. ⑾But
cells live in animals and we can only really see how they behave when they are inside animals.
We cannot possibly reproduce in a test tube or a computer model all the complex reactions
of the body to a drug or a disease.⑿ When it comes to research into heart disease and its
effects on the body, or diseases of the brain for example, we do not have adequate substitutes
for the use of animals.⒀
11.句中 Wherever possible,的完整表达为 Wherever it is possible,意为“不管在哪里，只
要有可能”。
例如： Whenever possible, he would practice speaking English.
不管什么时候，只要有可能他就练习说英语。
本句译文： “只要可能，为了道德的和科学的两种理由，我们不使用动物。 ”
12.句中 all the complex reactions of the body to a drug or a disease 是 reproduce 的
宾语,因为过长所以放到状语 in a test tube or a computer model.后面。
本句译文：“我们不可能在试管里或用计算机模型模拟出身体对药物或疾病的全部复杂反应。”
13.句中 heart disease and its effect on the body 和 disease of the brain 做 research into
的并列宾语。“for example”是针对由 when 引导的整个状语从句而言,因此译成汉语时应放到句首。
本句译文： “例如当研究心脏病和它对身体的影响时， 或者当研究大脑疾病时，我们没有充分
的代用品来代替动物。 ”
As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals used in experiments
may decrease, but stopping testing on animals altogether is a long way away. ⒁
14.这是一个由 but 并列的两个分句。前一句中，as 引导的从句作伴随时间状语，后半句中
stopping testing on animals altogether 是动名词短语作主语， 注意 stop 后面的非谓语动词的
用法。(stop doing sth / stop to do sth)
本句译文： “随着研究技术的日益先进，用于实验的动物的数量可能会减少， 但距离彻底停止
使用动物还很遥远。 ”
Text B Let’s Stop Keeping Pets
New Words
1.pet n.宠物，爱畜
a.宠爱的， 表示亲昵的
2.delightful a.令人高兴的；讨人喜欢的
3.humanity n. 1.人性，博爱，仁慈； 2.人类
4.negative a. 1.否定的， 否认的； 2.反面的， 消极的； 3.[数]负的， [电]阴性的
n. 1.负片，底片； 2.负数
5.remark vt.说，评论
(
vi.评论，议论(on )
n.评论，看法
6.touching a. 动人的， 使人感伤的
7.going n.进行状况
a.进行中的；现行的
8.coming a.正在到来的，即将来到的
n.来到，到达
9.literal a. 1.精确的， 如实的； 2.逐字的， 字面的
10.grant vt. 同意；准予
n. 1. 同意，授予； 2.拨款
11.contented a. 满足的， 满意的
12.serene a. 安详的； 宁静的
13.contemplate vt. 1.注视，凝视； 2.沉思
14.plea n. 1.请求，恳求； 2.托词
15.devotion n.献身，忠诚
16.ownership n. 1.拥有； 2.所有权， 所有制
17.imperative a. 1.绝对必要的，迫切的；
2.命令的， 强制的；
3.[语]祈使的
18.stricken I. strike 的过去分词
II.a. 1.被打中的，被击伤的；
2. (常用以构成复合词) 受灾的，受侵袭的
19.relief n. 1. (痛苦， 压迫等)减轻，宽慰； 2.救济
20.donation n.捐献；赠送
21.afflict vt.使苦恼， 折磨
22.deprive vt.夺去，剥夺；使失去(of)
23.individualistic a.个人主义(者)的
24.prevail vi. 1.胜过(over, against) ；2.流行，盛行
25.starvation n.饥饿；饿死
26.kwashiorkor n. [医]恶性营养不良症
27.deficiency n.缺乏，不足
28.starve vi. 1.饿死； 2.挨饿； 3.极需，渴望(for)
vt.使饿死； 使挨饿
29.sustain vt. 1.支撑，承受住； 2.供养，维持
30.unreasonable a. 1.不讲道理的，非理智的；
2.不合情理的，过度的
Phrases and Expressions
1.to bring out 1.使显现， 显示； 2.生产，使产生
2.to attach.. .to 使 … 与 …相关，把 … 附加到
3.goings and comings 1.来往； 2.活动，发生的事
4.to take.. .for granted 1.认为真实；2.视为当然
5.at ease 自在的， 舒适的
6.to plea for 恳求；请求
7.not that...并不是说
(
8.not (never ) for a moment 决不；从不
9.to break in on (upon) 1.打扰； 2.打断，闯进
10.to feel bitter at 对 …怀恨
11.to seize hold of 1.抓住； 2.占有
Text B 重点词汇：
1.negative :a.否定的， 否认的
反义词： positive a.积极的， 肯定的，正面的
We received a negative answer to our request.我们的请求得到了否定答复。
She’s got such a negative attitude that it’s depressing to be with her.她的态度非常消极，跟她在一起
让人感到很沮丧。
2. remark : v. / n.说，评论
派生词： remarkable a. 显著的， 明显的
Many representatives remarked upon the development of China in their speeches . 发言中许多代表都
谈到了中国的发展问题。
The president made no remarks upon this. 总统对此未置可否。
3. grant : vt./n. 同意，准予
They granted her an entry visa. / They granted an entry visa to her.他们同意发给她入境签证。
take it for granted … . :认为 …理所当然
I took it for granted that you would want to see the play, so I bought you a ticket.
我认为你理所当然想看这个剧，因此给你买了张票。
4. devotion : n.献身，忠诚
派生词： devote v.献身，投入，奉献
The teacher’s devotion to the cause of education is well known.那位教师对教育事业的献身精神是
众所周知的。
5. relief : n.减轻，宽慰
派生词： relieve v.减轻，缓解
It was such a relief to hear that Glen had been found safe and well. 听说格仑安然无恙真是让人感到
宽慰。
She breathed a sigh of relief when she found out she had passed her exams.知道自己通过了考试，她
欣慰地舒了一口气。
6. deprive : vt.夺去，剥夺；使失去
No one can function properly if they are deprived of adequate sleep.
如果缺乏睡眠，没人能正常工作。
He claimed that they deprived of his freedom.他声称他们曾剥夺过他的自由权利。
7. starve : v.饿死，挨饿；渴望
They got lost in the desert and starved to death.他们在沙漠中因迷路而饿死。
She is lonely, and starving for companionship.她很寂寞，渴望陪伴。
8.sustain vt. :支撑，承受住，供养， 维持
We do not have sufficient resources to sustain our campaign for long.
我们财力不足，无法维持长时间作战
词组：
1.to bring out :使显现， 显示；生产
The sunshine will bring out the blossom. 阳光将使花朵开放。
A crisis can bring out the best and the worst in people.危机可以使人的长处和短处显现无遗。
(
2.to attach … to :使 … 与 …相关，
I attached a photo to my application form.我把一张照片贴到申请表上。
She attaches great value to being financially independent.她很看重经济方面的独立。
3.at ease: 自在的， 舒适的
I never fell at ease in his company.我在他的公司从没有感到轻松舒适。
4.not that :并不是说，不是因为
He didn’t come to the party yesterday, not that he wouldn’t come, but that he couldn’t come.
昨天的聚会他没有来， 并非他不愿意，而是因为他不能来。
5.not for a moment :决不，从来没有
I don’t for a moment doubt his innocence.我决不怀疑他的清白。
6.to break in on (upon) :打扰，打断，闯进
Please don’t break in on our conversation.请别打断我们的谈话。
He opened the wrong door and broke in on a private room.他开错了门，闯入了一个私人房间。
课文精讲：
Pets are lovable, frequently delightful . The dog and the cat, the most favored of pets, are beautiful,
intelligent animals. To assume the care for them can help bring out the humanity in our children and even is
us. A dog or a cat can teach us a lot about human nature; they are a lot more like us than some might think.
More than one owner of a dog has said that the animal understands everything he says to it. So a mother
and father who have ever cared for pets are likely to be more patient and understanding with their children
as well, and especially to avoid making negative or rude remarks in the presence of a child, no matter how
young. ①
1.1)句中 who have ever cared for pets 是定语从句。
2) likely 后接两个由 and 连接的不定式结构， 即： to be more patient and understanding with their
children as well 和 especially to avoid making negative or rude remarks in the presence of a child。
3) no matter how young.是让步状语从句，省略了 they are
全句译文：因此养过宠物的父母对他们的子女可能更有耐心，更容易理解他们的孩子， 特别是
不管孩子多么小，父母在孩子面前不说消极和粗鲁的话。
It is touching to see how a cat or dog — especially a dog — attaches itself to a family and wants to
share in all its goings and comings . If certain animal psychologists are right, a dog adopts his family in a
most literal way — taking it for granted that the family is the band of dogs he belongs to. ②
2.take it for granted that … .认为 … 是理所当然的
全句译文：如果某些动物心理学家是对的话，一条狗实际上收养了她的家庭 ——想当然的认为
该家庭是它归属的一群狗。
It is sometimes said that the cat “takes all and gives nothing. ” But is that really true? A cat can teach us
a valuable lesson about how to be contented, how to be serene and at ease, how to sit and contemplate.
Whereas a dog’s constant pleas for attention become, sometimes, a bit too much. Nevertheless it is the dog
who can teach us lessons of loyalty and devotion that no cat ever knew.
So there’s plenty to be said in favor of keeping pets. ③ But with all that in mind, I sill say let’s stop
keeping pets. Not that a family should kill its pets. Very few could bring themselves to do that. ④To be
practical, I am suggesting that if we do not now have a pet we should not acquire one; second, that if we
now have a pet, we let it be our last one. I could never say that pets are bad. I am saying, let’s give up this
good thing — the ownership of a pet — in favor of a more imperative good. ⑤
3.in favor of 赞成，喜爱，支持
全句译文：因此赞成养宠物有很多理由。
(
4.句意为： 很少有人能使自己去做这样的事。
5. 1) in favor of 意思是“为了 … 的好处， 有利于”。
2)句中第一个 good 是形容词，意思是“好的”。
3)第二个 good 是名词， 意思是“好事”。
全句大意：“我只是说，为了做更必要的好事，让我们放弃拥有宠物这件好事。”
The purchase, the health care, the feeding and housing and training of a pet —and I chiefly mean the
larger, longer —lived pets —cost time and money. Depending on the animal’s size and activity, it’s special
tastes and needs, and the standard of living we establish for it, the care of a pet can cost from a dollar a
week to a dollar of more a day. I would not for a moment deny it is worth that.
But facts outside walls of our home keep breaking in on our awareness. Though we do not see the
poverty- stricken people of India and Africa and South America, we can never quite forget that they are
there. Now and then their faces are shown in the news, or in the begging ads of relief organizations.
Probably we send a donation whenever we can.
But we do not, as a rule, feel a heavy personal responsibility for the afflicted and deprived for we are
pretty thoroughly formed by the individualistic, competitive society we live in. ⑥ The first dime we ever
made was ours to spend in any way we chose. No one thought of questioning that. That attitude, formed
before we had learned to think, usually prevails through our life: “I made my money. I can spend it any way
I like. ”
6.1)句子主干是由并列连词 for 连接的两个并列句。
2) the afflicted and deprived 是“定冠词 +分词”的形式，表示一类人。意为“受折磨的人和被剥夺
了生存条件的人”。
3) we live in .是定语从句修饰 society
全句译文：但是我们通常并不感到对穷人(受折磨的人和被剥夺了生存条件的人)负有重大的
个人责任，由于我们几乎完全是由我们生活于其中的个人主义的竞争的社会塑造成型的。
But more and more we are reading that the people of the “Third Word” feel bitter at us in the
developed countries(with the United States far more developed than any of the others) for our seizing hold
of two-thirds of the world’s wealth and living like kings while they work away all day to earn a bare
living. ⑦
7.1)本句的主干是 we are reading
2)在 that 引导的宾语从句中，our seizing hold 中， our 是动名词 seizing 的逻辑主语。 while 表
示对比， 意思是“而，然而” 。work away 意思是“连续地工作，忙碌地工作”
全句译文：可是我们越来越多地读到第三世界的人们对我们发达国家的人(其中美国比任何国
家都发达)怀有仇恨，因为我们攫取了世界上三分之二的财富， 过着帝王般的生活，而他们整日劳
作才勉强糊口。
The money and the time we spend on pets is simply not our own to spend as we like in a time of
widespread want and starvation. ⑧A relief organization advertises that for $33 a month they can give
hospital care to a child suffering from kwashiorkor —the severe deficiency disease which is simply a
starving for protein. Doing without such a pet, and then sending the money saved to a relief organization
would mean saving a life — over the years, several human lives . ⑨
8.1)本句的主干是 The money and the time , we spend on pets 是定语从句修饰 The money and the
time。
2) to spend as we like 是不等式结构作后置定语修饰 our own .最后的介词短语是时间状语修饰全
句。
全句译文：在一个遍地贫困和饥饿的时代里，我们花在宠物身上的金钱和时间就不单纯是一个
(
我们随心所欲花费的问题了。
9.句子主语较长，其中 saved 是过去分词作后置定语修饰the money
全句译文：不养宠物，而把省下的钱送给救济组织就意味着救人一命 ——持续几年就会救活几
条人命。
Children not suffering from such a grave disease could be fed with half that amount —not on a diet
like ours, but on plain, basic, life-sustaining food. It is not unreasonable to believe that the amount of
money we spend on the average pet dog could keep a child alive in a region of great poverty. To give what
we would spend on a cat might not feed a child, but it would probably pay for his medical care or basic
education. ⑩ The point needs no laboring. That is that need be said.
10.本句是由 but 连接的两个并列句。在前一部分中，To give what we would spend on a cat 是主
语，其中有一个由 what 引导的宾语从句，意思是： “我们可能在一只猫身上花的钱”
全句译文：把我们可能在一只猫身上花的钱捐献出去也许养活不了一个孩子，但可以够支付他
的医疗费和教育费。
英译汉翻译方法介绍 词的翻译(一)
方法介绍：
一 、词 义的 选择 (selecting)
英文是含糊的语文 (ambiguouslanguage) , 因此在翻译中遇到最多的问题就是词义的选择。解决
办 法：根据语境(context)即上下文来确定词义，翻译的最小单位是句子而不是词。
1.有许多词是一词多义：
例如： term n.学期，术语，说法，条款
stand v.站立，位于，忍受，承受
bank n.银行，河岸 story n.故事，楼(层)
2.还有许多词是一词多种词性，而且词义也不同。
例如： book n.书 v.预定
run v.跑， n.一次出生(或一起饲养)的动物
rest v.休息 n.其余(的东西)
sound n .声音 v. 听起来 a. 合理的， 健康的 ad.彻底地
二、词类转译(changing)
1.名词与动词的转换
It’s my pleasure to have you for dinner. (n.—v. ) 很高兴能请你吃饭。
Tell me what this word means. ( v. –n. ) 告诉我这个词的意义。
2.介词译成动词
I’m not against your opinion.我不反对你的观点。
She went to shop for tea .她去商店买茶叶。
He lay down on the bed in his clothes .他穿着衣服躺在床上。
3.表语形容词译成动词
(
有一些表示心理状态的形容词，一般只能作表语，例如：afraid, glad, sorry, fond, sure, alive, asleep,
awake, able/unable, aware/unaware
I’m afraid he is out .我担心他出去了。 I’m sure you are right .我肯定你是对的
4.其他词类间的转换
参看教材 P288例句
三、增词(adding)
1.有一些英文句子，按照字面翻译，意义不完全，此时必须加词才符合汉语的习惯
Mother was hanging out the wash.妈妈把洗好了的衣服挂起来。
We can room together.我们可以住一间屋。
2.实体名词：Air China 中国国际航空公司
3.抽象名词：tension 要根据具体语境，译成紧张(情况、关系、局势或心情)。
教材 P318例句
4.名词复数：dogs 几只狗， 一些狗
5.时态：完成时译成，已经 … 了；进行时译成，正在 … ;过去时译成，曾经 … 了
6.状语：根据不同的目的、原因、让步等状语，分别译为：为了 … ，由于 … ，虽然 …
四、减词(omitting)
一些可有可无的词，意义已经体现于译文中了，可以省略不译
1.省略主语：One will fail unless he works hard.不努力就会失败。
2.省略物主代词： He is keeping his bed.他正卧床养病。
I’ll try my best .我尽力而为。
3.省略连接词： Sunday is the day when I am not busy.星期天是我不忙的日子。
五、重复(repeating)
1.为了表示强调而重复
What we want is to learn,to learn and to learn.
Taxes,taxes and more taxes
2.为了重复代词所替代的原词
The country has its advantage .农村有农村的优势。
教材 P 322例句
3.为了表达明确具体，重复英文中省略的词
We have to learn to analyze and solve problem.我们必须学会分析问题解决问题。
Unit 11练习
1.动物研究对人类医学的发展做出了重大的贡献。
Animal research has made great contributions to human medical development.
Animal research has contributed a great deal to the development of human medicine.
2.动物研究是否与人体健康有关，人们持不同态度。
People have different ideas about whether animal research is relevant to human health.
3用于实验的动物数量在过去二十年中已大大减少了。
The number of animals used in experiments has declined greatly over the past 20 years .
研究的新成果表明，少数实验可以放弃使用动物。
4.The new research findings show that a few experiments can be done without using animals.
(
The new development in research has shown that a small proportion of tests can be done without using
animals.
5.尽管医学技术越来越先进，但完全停止使用动物做实验仍然很远。
Although medical techniques are becoming more advanced, stopping testing on animals altogether is a
long way away.
Although medical technique becomes more and more advanced, stopping testing on animals altogether
is a long way away.
历年考题
1.The number of animals used in laboratory tests _____ (decline) over the last 20 years. (99.10)
答案： has declined。
考点：本句中 over the last 20 years 是明显的表示现在完成时的时间状语。因此本句用现在完成
时。
2.To assume the care for the pets can help bring __ ___ the humanity in our children and even in us
adults. (99.10)
A.about
B.in
C.out
D.up
答案： C。
考点： 本题主要考查词组 bring out 表示“使显示， 显现；生产， 使产生”。
3.It is touching to see how a cat or dog – especially a dog – itself to family and wants to share in all its
goings and comings . (00.4)
A. attributes
B. applies
C.assigned
D.attaches
答案： D。
考点：本题主要考查词组 attach … to 表示“把 … 附加到， 使 … 与 … 相关”。
4.As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals _____ (use ) in experiments
may decrease. (00.10)
答案： used。
考点：本题主要考查 used 过去分词 做定语修饰 animals。
5.Some people think that animal research is irrelevant _____ our health and that it can often produce
misleading results . (01.4)
A.with
B.at
C.on
D.to
答案： D。
本题主要考查词组 be irrelevant to 表示“与 …不相关”。
6.汉译英： 他的肤色与他是否是个好教授没有关系。
The color of his skin is irrelevant to whether he is a good professor or not.
7 . As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals used in experiments may
(
decrease, but stopping _____ (test) on animals altogether is a long way away.
答案： testing。
本题主要考查词组 stop doing sth.停止做某事。
Text A Let Your Mind Wander
课文简介
从传统的观点出发，白日做梦一直被认为是有害的，或者至少是无用的。
然而科学研究表明，白日做梦是日常生活必不可少的部分，它对保持情绪平衡、身体松弛、智
力发展、注意力集中和同他人的交往和沟通有着极大的好处。
本文通过许多名人及有成就者的成功都同以前的梦幻有关的实例。说明把自己幻想成一个胜利
者有助于你取得成就。
文章的最后一部分，号召大家学会幻想未来，并朝着此目标努力，最终可造就一个更有独创性，
更富想象力，更加心满意足和一个更踌躇满志的你。
Para.1 The traditional idea about daydreaming
Paras. 2 – 10 The advantages of daydreaming
Paras.11 – 13 Learn to daydream
New Words
1 daydream vi./n. 白日做梦
2 symptom n.症状，征兆
3 habitual a.习惯性的，习以为常的
4 maladjustment n..失调的， 不适应环境的
5 compensatory a.赔偿的， 补偿的
6 equilibrium n.平衡，均衡，平均
7 intellectual n./a.知识分子，智力的，理智的
8 detail n./vt.细节，详情；详述，详细说明
9 enhance vt.提高，增强
10 spur vt./n.激励，鼓舞
11 initial a./n.最初的， 开始的；词首的，首字母
12 inventor n.发明者， 创造者
13 waylay vt.伏击；拦住…问讯
14 muse vt./vi./n.沉思，冥想
15 confront vt.面对，遭遇；正视，对抗
16 painter n.漆工；画家
17 sensitivity n.敏感性， 灵敏度
18 inner a./n.内部的， 里面的；内部，里面
19 reflection n.反射，反映；深思，考虑
20 creativity n.创造性
21 effortless a.不作努力的；不费力的，容易的
(
22 dreamlike a.梦一般的，梦幻的
23 surrounding n./a.周围的事物；环境；周围的
24 character n.性格，品质；特性，特征；人物，角色
25 thinker n.思想家， 思考者
26 steadily ad.稳固地， 稳定地
27 vividly ad.鲜明地， 生动地
28 drift n./vi./vt.漂流，趋势，倾向；漂流；漂泊
29 trace n./vt.痕迹，踪迹；跟踪，查找
30 undisturbed a.不受干扰的；宁静的
31 tune n./vt.曲调，曲子；和谐，协调
32 midst n./prep.中间，当中
33 impoverished a.贫困的， 赤贫的
34 well-being n.健康；福利，幸福
35 modest a.谦虚的， 谦恭的；适中的
36 investment n.投资；投入
37 excitement n.刺激；兴奋
词 组：
1 to excess 过分，过度，过量
2 to substitute…for 用…代替…
3 be contrary to 与…相反
4 in reality 实际上， 事实上
5 to put off 延期；消除；阻碍
6 to let go of 放手；放开
7 be confronted with 面临，面对
8 to draw on 用做来源，依靠；
9 to gaze at 凝视，注视
10 be unaware of 不知道…,没察觉到
11 to dream of 梦见，梦想
12 in one’s mind’ eye 在脑海里
13 at sea 在海上， 在航海中
14 to go over 越过，渡过
15 to impress … on 使铭记， 牢记
16 be free from 没有…的；不受…的
17 to put aside 放在一边，撇开
18 be beneficial to 对…有益
19 to add up to 总和是
to come up with 提出，提供， 赶上，来临，流行(起来)
词汇精讲 :
1.symptom : n.症状，征兆
Most infections are contagious before any symptoms are noticed.
大多数传染病在症状被发现之前已具有传染性。
He recognizes the symptoms, but refuses to admit that he has marital problems.
他承认这些征兆，但不愿承认自己的婚姻发生了问题。
2.habitual : a.习惯性的，习以为常的
(
Ice and snow are a habitual sight in the north.冰雪在北方是常见的。
3.detail: n./ vt.详情，细节,详述
You can get details of nursery schools from the local authority.
你可向地方当局了解有关托儿所的详细情况。
We haven’t yet had a chance to discuss the matter in detail.
我们还没有机会详细讨论这一问题。
4.enhance：vt.提高，加强 (increase , improve)
The moonlight enhanced the beauty of the scene.月光更增添了景色的秀美。
The praise of the teacher enhanced his confidence.老师的赞赏增强了他的信心。
5.initial : a.最初的， 开始的
派生词： initiative n.创始，首创精神； initiate v.开始，创始；发起，发动
My initial surprise was soon replaced by delight.我最初的惊奇不久便被喜悦替代了。
6.confront : vt.使面对， 使面临，使遭遇
The new system was confronted with difficulties at the start.新体制起初遇到很多困难。
Pronunciation is just one of the many problems that confront the language learner.
发音只是学语言的人所面临的诸多问题之一。
We should confront the difficulties in life instead of trying to escape them.
我们应该正视生活中的困难，而不是逃避它们。
7.sensitivity: n.敏感性， 灵敏度
派生词： sensitive a.敏感的， 灵敏的
His sensitivity to the current events made us surprised.他对时事的敏感性使我们感到
惊讶。
8.inner：a./n.内部的， 里面的
反义词： outer a.外部的， 外面的
The label is on the inner side of the box.标签位于盒子的内侧。
If she had inner doubts, it was not apparent to anyone else.她若心中生疑亦不形之于
色。
9.reflection：n.反射；映像，倒影
派生词： reflect v.反射，反映
He gave much reflection on the problem but still had no answer.
他对那个问题思考了很久，但仍未找到答案。
It took him two years to finish his book “Reflections on the past”
他用两年时间写完一本书，叫做《往事反思》
10.creativity: n.创造力， 创造性
派生词： create v.创造； creative a.有创造力的
11.trace：n. / vt.跟踪，查找
Did the police find any trace of the murderer ? .
警方发现凶手的行踪了吗？。
The practice of giving eggs at Easter can be traced back to festivals in ancient China.
复活节送鸡蛋的习俗可以追溯到古代中国的一些节日。
12.modest：a.谦虚的， 谦恭的；适中的，不过分的
反义词： immodest a.傲慢的， 不谦虚的，不正派的，下流的
(
She is very modest about the prizes she has won.她对自己得奖非常谦虚。
His needs are quite modest.他的需求一点也不过分。(He doesn’t ask for too much .)
13.investment：n.投资，投入 派生词： invest v.投资，投入
Stocks are regarded as good long-term investments.股票被认为是理想的长期投资。
His investment in that business have done well.他在那家商行的投资收益很好。
词组： phrases
1.to excess 过分，过度，过量
They both eat to excess.他们俩都吃得过多。
The heavy rain filled the lakes to excess.大雨使湖水超过了湖的容量。
2.to substitute…for：用…替代
You can substitute vegetable oil for butter in this recipe.
在这一食谱中，你可以用植物油代替黄油。
3.be contrary to：与..相反
His actions are contrary to the rules.他的行为与这些规则相违背。
Contrary to all our expectations he’s actually found a well- paid job and a nice
girlfriend.
与我们大家的预料相反，他竟然找到了一份报酬优厚的工作和一个很好的女朋友。
4.to put off： 延期；阻碍
The meeting has been put off for a week.会议延期一周。
I can’t put off going to the dentist any longer.我得去看医生，不能再耽搁了。
5.to gaze at：凝视， 注视近义词： to stare at 瞪着，怒视
What are you gazing at?你在盯着看什么？
6.to impress …on：使铭记，牢记
My father impressed on me the value of hard work.父亲要我铭记努力工作的重要性。
7.be free from：没有…的；不受…的
He wished to live a life entirely free from troubles.他希望能过上一种无忧无虑的生活。
8.to put aside :把…放在一边
She put the newspaper aside and picked up a book.她把报纸放下，拿起了一本书。
Every week I put aside a bit of money for a rainy day.每周我都存点钱，以备不时之需。
9.be beneficial to：对…有益，对…有利
Fresh air is beneficial to one’s health.新鲜的空气有益健康。
Daydreaming is highly beneficial to your health.梦幻非常有益于你的健康。
To come up with 提出
课文精讲：
Let Your Mind Wander
Until recently daydreaming was generally considered either a waste of time or a symptom
of neurotic tendencies, and habitual daydreaming was regarded as evidence of maladjustment
or an escape from life' s realities and responsibilities. It was believed that habitual
daydreaming would eventually distance people from society and reduce their effectiveness
in coping with real problems. At its best, daydreaming was considered a compensatory
substitute for the real things in life.①
(
1.句中 as its best 是一个词组，意思是"最好也不过"；daydreaming 是动名词， 在句中作主
语； a compensatory… in life 作 was considered 的主语补足语。
本句意思是：白日做梦最好也不过被认为是对生活中实际事物的一种补偿性的替代。
As with anything carried to excess, daydreaming can be harmful. There are always those
who would substitute fantasy lives for the rewards of real activity. But such extremes are
relatively rare, and there is a growing body of evidence to support the fact that most people
suffer from a lack of daydreaming rather than an excess of it. ②
2.本句中由and 连接的两个并列句；该句中 to 引起的不定式结构一直到句尾， 作 evidence 的
后置定语；在这一结构中， the fact 后又接由 that 引起的同位语从句。本句意思： "但是这类极端
的情况较为罕见， 愈来愈多的证据却支持这样一种现象，即大部分人受白日做梦过少而不是过多之
苦。 "
We are now beginning to learn how valuable it really is and that when individuals are
completely prevented from daydreaming, their emotional balance can be disturbed.③
3.该句中的 how 和 that 引起一个名词性从句作动词 learn 的宾语。在 that 引起的从句中，when
又引导一个从句作状语。本句意思："现在我们开始了解，白日做梦如何真有价值．并且人如果白日
完全不做梦，他们的情绪平衡会被打乱。 "
Not only are they less able to deal with the pressures of day-to-day existence, but
also their self- control and self- direction become endangered.④
4.本句是由 not only 和 but also 连接的两个并列分句。 "not only "否定词放在句首，因此句
子要倒装。本句意思："不仅他们应付每日生活的压力的能力会变差，他们的自我控制和自我导向能
力也会受到损害。 "
Recent research indicates that daydreaming is part of daily life and that a certain
amount each day is essential for maintaining equilibrium. ⑤
5.本句 indicate 后接两个由 that 引导的宾语从句。本句意思："最近研究表明，白日做梦是日
常生活的一部分， 每天白天做一定的梦对保持情绪平衡是必不可少的，科学已经发现， 白日做梦是
一种有效的松弛办法。 "
Daydreaming, science has discovered, is an effective relaxation technique. But its
beneficial effects go beyond this.⑥
6.to go beyond 超出，不止该句意思是："但它的好处不止这些?quot;
Experiments show that daydreaming significantly contributes to intellectual growth,
powers of concentration, and the ability to interact and communicate with others.⑦
equilibrium 是 指 多项 平 衡， balance 是 两项 平 衡
7.本句中 contribute to 之后是三个名词词组作并列宾语，即"智力发展"、"集中注意的能力"
和"与他人交往、沟通的能力"。本句意思："试验证明白日做梦对智力发展、注意力集中和同别人的
交往和沟通有相当大的好处。 "
In an experiment with schoolchildren in New York, Dr. Joan Freyberg observed improved
concentration: "There was less running around, more happy feelings, more talking and playing
in the group, and more attention paid to detail."
In another experiment at YaleUniversity, Dr. Jerome Singer found that daydreaming
resulted in improved self- control and enhanced creative thinking ability.⑧
8.在由 that 引导的宾语从句中，resulted in 意为"造成，导致"，improved 和 enhanced 都是
过去分词作定语，分别修饰 self-control 和 creative thinking ability.按照汉语习惯应译为："
有助于自我控制的改善和创造性思维能力的增?quot;
Pupil 当名词讲的时候,它是"小学生"。它的另外一个意思是眼睛里的瞳孔。
(
小学有两种说法： primary school、elementary school。
Daydreaming, Singer pointed out, is one way individuals can improve upon reality. It
is, he concluded, a powerful spur to achievement.
But the value of daydreaming does not stop here. It has been found that it improves
a person's ability to be better adapted to practical, immediate concerns, to solve everyday
problems, and to come up more readily with new ideas.⑨
9.句中 ability 后接三个由 to 引起的不定式短语作后置定语，本句的意思是："人们已经发现，
它能改善一个人的能力，使他能更好地适应实际的紧迫的事务， 解决日常问题并且更容易地提出新
的想法。 "
Contrary to popular belief, constant and conscious effort at solving a problem is, in
reality, one of the most inefficient ways of coping with it. While conscious initial effort
is always necessary, effective solutions to especially severe problems frequently occur
when conscious attempts to solve them have been put off. ⑩Inability to relax, to let go
of a problem, often prevents its solution.
Come up……… with 赶上 ；提 出 ，拿 出
10.句中while 引导让步状语从句，表示"虽然，尽管"的意思。句子的主句中又有一个when 引
导的时间状语从句。在时间状语从句中 conscious attempt 是主语， attempt 后面的 to solve them
是动词不定式短语作定语修饰 attempt，从句的谓语是 have been put off。本句意思："虽然最初
的有意识的努力永远是必要的，但对特别困难问题的有效解决办法常常在这种有意识的努力遇到了
阻碍的时候才会出现。 "
Historically, scientists and inventors are one group that seems to take full advantage
of relaxed moments.⑾
11.句中 that 是引导定语从句修饰 group
本句意思："在历史上，科学家和发明家是似乎能充分利用松弛时刻的一类人。"
Their biographies reveal that their best ideas seem to have occurred when they were
relaxing and daydreaming. It is well known, for example, that Newton solved many of his
toughest problems when his attention was waylaid by private musings. Thomas Alva Edison
also knew the value of "half waking" states. Whenever confronted with a task which seemed
too hard to be dealt with, he would stretch out on his laboratory sofa and let fantasies
flood his mind. ⑿
12.句中whenever 加 confronted 引导的过去分词短语作时间状语，也可以认为这是一个时间状
语从句省略了 he was . "task"后 which seemed too hard to be dealt with 是定语从句修饰 task。
其中"too…to"表示"太….以至于不 …."。本句意思："无论什么时候他遇到一个似乎解决不了的问
题时，他会躺在沙发上四肢舒展，让各种幻觉涌满他的脑海。 "
Painters, writers, and composers also have drawn heavily on their sensitivity to inner
fantasies. Debussy used to gaze at the River Seine and the golden reflections of the selling
sun to establish an atmosphere for creativity. Brahms found that ideas came effortless only
when he approached a state of deep daydreaming. And Cesar Frank is said to have walked around
with a dreamlike gaze while composing, seemingly totally unaware of his surroundings⒀
13.句中的"while composing"是现在分词结构作时间状语从句；"seemingly totally unaware of
his surroundings 是形容词短语作伴随状语。其中"…is said to do sth"表示"据说某人做某事"。
本句意思："据说赛萨尔 ·弗兰克在作曲的时候， 走来走去，朦胧凝眸，仿佛毫不意识周围的一切。
"
unaware of 没有意识到
(
Long before, Before long 对比
例题： The face of the city will be changed before long。 (城市的面貌不久将被改变。 )
Many successful people actually daydreamed their successes and achievements long before
they realized them. Henry J. Kaiser maintained that "you can imagine your future,'' and
he believed that a great part of his business success was due to positive use of daydreams.
Harry S. Truman said that he used daydreaming for rest. Conrad Hilton dreamed of operating
a hotel when he was a boy. He recalled that all his accomplishments were first realized
in his imagination.
"Great living starts with a picture, held in some person's imagination, of what he would
like someday to do or be. ⒁
14.句中"picture"后有两个后置定语，一个是 held 分词短语，另一个是 of what 名词从句。本
句意思： "伟大的生活起始于一个人在想象中幻想自己有朝一日能做出什么事业或成为什么人物。 "
Florence Nightingale dreamed of being a nurse. Edison pictured himself an inventor;
all such characters escaped the mere push of circumstance by imagining a future so vividly
that they headed for it.⒂15.此句中的两个常用词的词性都是动词 picture v.想象 head v.前
进，前往
本句意思："爱迪生把自己想象成一名发明家。所以这些人都如此生动地幻想自己的未来，朝着
这个既定方向前进，从而避免了单纯的受环境的推动。 "
" These are the words of the well-known thinker Dr. Harry Emerson Fosdick, and they
show that people can literally daydream themselves to success. Fosdick, aware of the
wonderful power of positive daydreaming, offered this advice: "Hold a picture of yourself
long and steadily enough in your mind's eye, and you will be drawn toward it. ⒃
16.aware of 部分是形容词词组作原因状语。 引号中的祈使句相当于一个条件状语从句：
if you hold a picture …
本句意思："福斯迪克知道积极的白日梦的神奇作用，提出了如下的意见： "如果你经久地、
坚定地在你的想像中给自己描绘一个形象，你将会被引往这个形象。你如果把自己生动地幻
想成一个战败者，单单这一点就能使胜利成为不可能。你要把自己幻想成一个胜利者，这将
显著地有助你取得成就。你要是什么也不幻想自己， 你将像一条被遗弃的船，在大海上四处漂
泊。 "
Picture yourself vividly as defeated and that alone will make victory impossible.
Picture yourself as winning and that will contribute remarkably to success. Do not picture
yourself as anything, and you will drift like an abandoned ship at sea."
To get the results, you should picture yourself - as vividly as possible - as you want
to be.. The important thing to remember is to picture these desired objectives as if you
had already attained them.⒄
17.本句用了虚拟语气，本句有一个由 as if 引导的方式状语从句， 在 as if 引导的从句中谓语
动词经常用虚拟语气形式，表示对过去发生的事情的假设，并非事实，因此用了 had +过去分词的
形式。本句意思： "重要的是要记住，你幻想这些期望的目标时就好像你已经实现了他们那样。 "
Go over several times the details of these pictures. This will deeply impress them on
your memory, and these memory traces will soon start influencing your everyday behavior
toward the attainment of the goal.
While exercising your imagination, you should be alone and completely undisturbed. Some
individuals seem to have the ability to tune into their private selves in the midst of the
noisiest crowds or company.⒅
(
18.tune 原指"调音，调谐"在这里是比喻用法，意为： "调整，调节"
本句意思是： "有些人能做到在非常喧闹的人群中调节自己，进入自我。 "
noisy-noisiest (最高级)
But most of us, especially when the experience is new, require an environment free
from outside distraction.
A life lived without fantasy and daydreaming is a seriously impoverished one. Each of
us should put aside a few minutes daily, taking short 10- or 15-minute vacations. Daydreaming
is highly beneficial to your physical and mental well-being, and you will find that this
modest, inexpensive investment in time will add up to a more creative and imaginative, a
more satisfied, and a more self-fulfilled you. ⒆
19.句中 that 引导宾语从句 。in time "迟早，最后"
本句意思是："白日做梦对你的身心健康大为有益。你会发现这份小小的花费不多的时间投资最
终带来的是一个更有创造性， 更富有想像力，更心满意足和更踌躇满志的你。它时时使我们更充分
地意识到强烈的活力， 这当然会大大有助于我们生活的激奋和欢乐。 "
It offers us a fuller sense of being intensely alive from moment to moment, and this,
of course, contributes greatly to the excitement and joy of living.
Text B To Sleep, Perchance to Dream
New Words
1 perchance ad. [古] 1.偶然，意外地； 2.可能，或许
2 miserable a.悲惨的； 可怜的
3 far-fetched a. 1.牵强的； 2.未必会的，靠不住的
4 veteran n. 1.老兵，老手； 2.[美]退伍军人
a.老练的； 经验丰富的
5 administration n. 1.管理，经营； 2.行政，行政机关
6 sleepy a. 困倦的， 嗜睡的
7 link n.环节，联系
vt.用环连接；联系
8 elude vt. (巧妙地)逃避，躲避
elusion
elusive(形容词)
9 respectively ad.各自的， 分别地
10 definitive a. 1.决定的， 确定的； 2.限定的， 明确的
infinitive(不明确的,不确定的。)
11 evolve vt. 1.使发展， 使形成，制定；
2.引申出， 推论
vi. 1.进展； 2.进化
evolution (进化论)
(
12 differ vi. 1.不同，相异(from)；
2.与 …意见不同(from, with)
different (形容词)
difference (名词)
13 surprisingly ad.惊人地； 出乎意料地
surprise (动词)
14 namely ad. 即，也就是
15 plus prep.加，加上
a. 1.正的； 2.附加的
minus (减)
16 acronym n.首字母缩略词
17 eyeball n. 眼球
18 correlation n.相互关系，关联
19 physiology n.生理学
20 unhappy n. 1.不快乐的，愁苦的； 2.不幸的
21 dreamer n. 1.做梦的人；2.空想家
22 volunteer n.志愿者； 志愿兵
a.志愿的
vi.志愿
23 identity n. 1.同一，一致； 2.身份，本体
ID card (身份证)
24 primarily ad. 1.首先，起初； 2.首要地， 主要地
25 merry a.欢乐的， 愉快的
26 psychology n. 1.心理学； 2.心理
27 location n. 1.定位，测位； 2.位置，场所
locate (动词)
28 reinforce vt. 1.增援，支援； 2.加强，增加；
3.进一步证实
Phrases and Expressions
1 influence on 对 … 的影响
2 to break into 分成(部分)
3 to check into 调查
account for 占。。。(部分)，说明。。。原因
in turn 反过来， 依次，轮流
重点词汇：
1.link : n./ vt.环节，联系
I'd like to have a few links removed from this necklace.我想从这条项链上去掉几环。
There is a clear link between poverty and malnutrition.贫穷与营养不良之间有明显的联系。
2.respectively : ad.各自地， 分别地
派生词： respect vt./n.尊敬，尊重；方面
In the 200 metres, Lizzy and Sarah came first and third respectively.在200米赛跑中，利兹和莎拉分
别获第一和第三名。
注意区别：respectable a.值得尊敬的； respectful a.恭敬的， 尊敬的
3. differ : vi .不同，相异
(
派生词： different a.不同的， 相异的； difference n.区别，差别，相异
The twins look alike, but they differ in temperament.这对双胞胎看起来很像， 但脾气不同。Robots
differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by
a computer to do another one.
机器人与自动化机器不同之处在于机器人完成某一特定任务后， 可由计算机重新编制程序去完
成另一项任务。
4. identity: n. 同一，一致；身份
派生词： identify v.识别，鉴别； identical a.相同的， 同一的
The man' s identity was being kept secret while he was helping the police with information about the
murder.这个人在向警察提供有关此谋杀案的信息时身份是保密的。
5. influence on :对 … 的影响
Parents have great influence on their children.父母对孩子有极大的影响。
重点句子：
Text B To Sleep, Perchance to Dream
So you awoke this morning in a miserable mood. Well, maybe your special dream character didn't put
in an appearance last night, or maybe there just weren't enough people drifting through your dreams .⑴
1 .Well, maybe your special dream character didn't put in an appearance last night, or maybe there just
weren't enough people drifting through your dreams. ( para. 1)
to put in an appearance (出于责任或礼貌，暂时地)到场，出席，露面
drifting through your dreams.现在分词短语作定语， 修饰 people
全句译为："是的，也许是你的特别的梦中人昨夜没在你梦中出现，或者是浮现在你梦中的人不
够多。 "
If that sounds like far-fetched fantasy, consider these interesting findings that have emerged from eight
years of sleep and dream research at the Veterans Administration hospital in Cincinnati, Ohio:
While sleep affects how sleepy, friendly, aggressive, and unhappy we feel after awakening, feelings of
happiness or unhappy we feel after awakening, feelings of happiness or unhappiness depend most strongly
on our dreams . ⑵
2.While sleep affects how sleepy, friendly, aggressive, and unhappy we feel after awakening, feelings
of happiness or unhappiness depend most strongly on our dreams . (para.3)
While 意为"尽管，虽然"
how sleepy, friendly, aggressive , and unhappy we feel after awakening 为宾语从句，
depend … on 依赖，依靠
全句译为："虽然睡眠影响我们醒来之后如何困倦、和善、暴躁还是不快，我们的愉快与否的感
觉很大程度上却取决于我们所做的梦的内容。 "
Each of us has a special dream character, a type of person whose appearance in our dreams makes us
feel happier when we awake.
What we dream at night isn't as important to how we feel in the morning as the number of people who
appear in our dreams . ⑶ The more people, the better we feel.
3 . What we dream at night isn't as important to how we feel in the morning as the number of people
who appear in our dreams. (para.5)
What we dream at night 主语从句 as important …as 像 …一样重要
全句译为："对我们清晨醒来时感觉如何，我们在夜间梦见什么并不十分重要，重要的是有多少
人出现在我们梦中。 "
(
Our sleep influences our mood. Our mood, in turn, affects our performance. ⑷ And throughout the day,
our levels of mood and performance remain closely linked.
influences 可以是名词也可以是动词，影响的意思。
译文：我们的睡眠影响我们的情绪， 反过来我们的情绪又影响我们的行为。
During the past two decades, research has greatly expanded our knowledge about sleep and dreams .
Scientists have identified various stages of sleep, and they have found that humans can function well on
very little sleep, but only if they dream. ⑸Yet the true function of sleep and dreaming continues to elude
precise explanation.
Function v.运转
only if：只有
if only：引导虚拟条件句，要是 …就好了。
译文： 科学家已经确认了各种不同的睡眠阶段，并且已经发现人类肌体可以运行的很好，但是
只是在做梦的情况下。
In 1970 Milton Kramer and Thomas Roth, researchers at the VA Hospital and the University of
Cincinnati College of Medicine, respectively, raised this question: Do our moods in the morning relate in
any way to our sleep and dreams the previous night?
Human experience suggests that they do. Certainly we generally feel better after a good night' s sleep.
But Drs. Kramer and Roth sought a much more definitive answer. And that answer, though sill evolving is a
positive yes.
Kramer and Roth began by seeking to determine whether one's mood differs between night and
morning, and whether this is related directly to sleep. ⑹ They found that there is a difference, and it is
definitely related to sleep. Then they explored the various aspects of mood and their relationship to the
various stages of sleep and dreaming.
be related to 与 …有关系
译文：Kramer 和Roth 企图确定人们的情绪早晚是否不同，并且这是否直接与人们的睡眠有关。
What does a good night's sleep mean to our mood? Generally we are happier, less aggressive, sleepier,
and, a bit surprisingly, less friendly. Being sleepier is easily explained. It simply takes a little time to
become fully alert after awakening.
But why should we feel less friendly? here the researchers must speculate a little. They suggest the
answer may be the lack of association with
other humans during the period of sleep.
Once the two doctors established scientifically what common sense and folk wisdom had long taught -
namely, that there is link between sleep and how we feel -they set out to learn what parts of our mood are
related to which specific parts of the sleep cycle. ⑺
Common sense 是普通常识
folk wisdom 民间智慧 folk a. 民间的
set out to do 着手做某事
译文：两位博士一旦科学的确定了人们长期以来学习到的普通知识和民间智慧-- 即睡眠和我们的
感觉之间的有联系，他们就着手了解我们的情绪的哪些部分与睡眠周期的哪些具体部分有关。
Normal sleep is broken into five distinct parts - Stages I through 4, plus REM, an acronym for rapid
eye movement. Much remains unknown about each of the five sleep stages. Most dreaming occurs during
REM sleep, a period when the eyeballs move rapidly beneath the closed lids. And whether they remember
or not, all adults dream, usually four to six times a night.
(
Three types of mood are strongly related to some specific stage of sleep. Our friendly, aggressive, and
sleepy feelings all relate to Stage 2 sleep, which accounts for most of our total sleep hours. ⑻Our friendly
and sleepy feelings, but not our aggressive feelings, are affected as well by Stages 3 and 4, and by how long
it takes us to fall asleep.
account for 占 … 比例
译文：我们的友善、好斗、倦意都与占我们绝大部分睡眠时间的睡眠的第二阶段有关。
This means that ifyou get less sleep than normal -and people vary a great deal in how much sleep they
normally require -you awake more friendly, more aggressive, and less sleepy.
At this point, the doctors found themselves puzzled. They knew from their earlier work that sleep
determines if people feel happier. Yet when they studied the various sleep stages, they found no correlation
between sleep physiology and the unhappy mood. Clearly sleep made a difference, but that difference didn't
relate to how much time one spent in each of the various sleep stages.
The two researchers decided the key to whether we feel happy or unhappy after sleep must lie in
sleep's psychological component -our dreams . ⑼ So they began studying dream content -what dreamers
dreamed and who appeared in their dreams -to see how this affected mood.
"We feel happy or unhappy after sleep"这个句子是介词宾语从句的主语，是一个主语从句。
译文： 两个研究人员决定我们睡醒后是否高兴的关键在于我们睡觉时的心理组成成份--我们的
梦。
Instead of sleeping through the night, volunteers now were awakened four times while in REM sleep.
They were asked about such things as what their dreams were about; the sex, age, identity, and number of
the people in their dreams; and what each person in a dream was doing.
Interestingly, Kramer and Roth found that being awakened four times a night didn't make a difference
in the volunteers' morning mood patterns . But they did find that who appears in a dream has a far greater
influence on mood than what occurs in the dream. "Who affects all the moods." Kramer says, "but
primarily the unhappy mood."
Each of us, it turns out, has a special dream character,⑽ and if this type of character appears in our
dreams, we are happier when we awake. "For people in general, how unhappy you feel after sleep depends
on who is in the dream." Kramer says . "Who it is that makes you happier is different for you than for
me."⑾ For some it may be an older woman, for example; for others, a young man.
10.我们每个人，原来是都有一个特殊的梦的特征或梦中情人。
11.每个能使我们更高兴的人，因人而异。
Who appears in your dream isn't the only important thing. The more people who appear in you dreams
the happier you are on awakening. It's a case of the more the merrier.⑿ "The bad thing in a dream is to be
alone; you feel worse," Kramer explains. "You can relate this to wakening psychology, where being alone
leads to more unhappiness . There is something about interacting with people that produces happiness ."
12.情况是人越多就越高兴。
A number of researchers have examined the relationship of mood and performance. The doctors also
checked into this relationship, and they have found some interesting correlations.
"We found that the more friendly, more aggressive, more clear-thinking, less sleepy, and surprisingly,
the more unhappy you are, the better you perform. ⒀That last one -the unhappy - I can't explain," Kramer
says . Moreover, the level of a person's moods and the level of his or her performance rise and fall together
throughout the day.
Initially the two VA researchers worked only with men, because the dreams of men are far easier to
study. Men and women dream differently. Indeed, sex is the biggest factor in accounting for differences in
(
the people, activities, locations and feelings that occur in dreams. ⒁ Dr. Kramer says, "When you compare
men and women, you get a greater difference in dream content than when you compare, say, 20-and
60-year-olds, or black and white."
(14) account for 解释 … 的原因
译文：确实，性别是解释出现在人们梦中的行为、地点和感觉的不同的最大因素。
Last year the VA researchers began studying the relationship of sleep, dreams, and mood in women.
This work is continuing, but the initial findings reinforce what they had found in men.
"Overall, the women are just like men," Kramer says .
补充知识： 被动语态
英语中的被动语态应用远远多于汉语，尤其是在科技、法律文件中更为广泛。使用被动语态可
以不出现动作的执行者 (通常为人)，强调动作的承受者，体现了客观性。因此，凡是不必要、不
知道或不愿意说出动作的执行者的时候，就用被动语态。
被动语态的基本结构为： be +及物动词的过去分词
被动语态可以用于所有时态，要注意动词 be 要与主语的人称、数都一致。另外，还可以有含有
情态动词的被动语态， 其结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词
例如： His room is being painted.
My wallet was stolen a week ago.
The book has been translated into many languages .
This work should be done as soon as possible.
被动语态句子的译法：
1.译成汉语的"被"字句
At its best, daydreaming was considered a compensatory substitute for the real things in life.
白日梦最好的理解是被认为对生活中真实事情的一种补偿性的替代。
2.译成汉语的"把"字句，或者"由" 、"让" 、"使" 、"叫"等等。
The work should be finished as soon as possible.应尽快把工作完成。
3.译成汉语的"是 … 的"结构
Resistance is measured in Ohms. 电阻是以欧姆度量的。
4.译成汉语的无主语句
A rare element was found last year.去年发现了一种稀有元素。
5.译成主动句
Such data can be depended on.这些数据可靠。
The children are taken care of by their mum.妈妈照料孩子们。
6.常见被动句型
不加主语的：
It is hoped that … "希望 … "
It is reported that … "据报道 … "
It is said that … "据说 … "
It is supposed that … "据猜测 … "
It must be admitted … "必须承认 … "
It must be pointed that … "必须指出 … "
It is asserted that … "据声称 … "
可加主语的：
原文中的主语在译文中变成了宾语，另外加上"人们" 、"有人" 、"大家" 、"他们" 、"众人"等等泛
(
指词做主语。
It is believed that … "人们认为 … "
It is generally considered that … "人们普遍认为 … "
It is well known that … "众所周知 … "
It was told that … "有人曾说。。。 "
It has been found that … "人们已经发现。。。 "
Unit 12练习
一、词汇英译汉：
1. symptom 2. intellectual 3. detail 4. initial
5. inventor 6. confront 7. sensitivity 8. reflection
9. creativity 10. character 11. trace 12. modest
词组：
13. investment 14. to substitute … for 15. be contrary to 16. to put off
17. be confronted with 18. to gaze at
19. be unaware of 20. to impress …on
21. be free from 22. be beneficial to
二、句子英译汉：
1. At its best, daydreaming was considered a compensatory substitute for the real things in life.(para. 1)
2. There are always those who would substitute fantasy lives for the rewards of real activity.(para.2)
3. Most people suffer from a lack of daydreaming rather than an excess of it . (para. 2)
4. Not only are they less able to deal with the pressure of day- to- day existence, but also their self
-control and self-direction become endangered. (para.2)
5. But its beneficial effects go beyond this . (para. 3)
Go beyond 表示"超越 … ， 不仅仅是 … "
6 . Historically , scientists and inventors are one group that seems to take full advantage of relaxed
moments. (para.7)
Take advantage of 利用
7 .Whenever confronted with a task which seemed too hard to be dealt with , he would stretch out on
his laboratory sofa and let fantasies flood his mind. (para.7)
8.Picture yourself as winning and that will contribute remarkably to success.
9.The important thing to remember is to picture these desired objectives as if you had already attained
them .
三、汉译英
1.最近的研究成果表明， 白日做梦是日常生活的一部分。
Recent research shows / indicates that daydreaming is part of daily life .
2.白日做梦不仅有利于心态平衡，而且能提高人们的自控力。
Daydreaming is not only beneficial to the mental balance, but also to enhance one's ability of
self-control.
Daydreaming can not only help maintain emotional balance , but also improve one's self-control .
3.历史上许多科学家与发明家曾充分利用白日梦。
Historically, many scientists and inventors have taken full advantage of daydreaming.
Many scientists and inventors in history took full use of daydreaming.
4.有的作曲家在作曲时几乎像进入了很深的白日梦状态。
(
While composing, some composers seem to approach a state of deep daydreaming.
Some composers seemed to approach a state of deep daydreaming while they were composing.
5.在梦境中不要将自己描绘成失败者而应该是成功者。
Picture yourself as a winner rather than loser in your daydream.
Picture yourself in your daydream as winning rather than defeated.
历年考题：
1.According to Dr. Kramer, ______ people who appear in your dreams, ______ you are on awakening.
(99.10)
A. as many … as happy
B. the more … the happier
C. the more … the happier
D. the most … the happiest
答案： C。考点： 本题主要考查 the +比较级， the +比较级， 结构是"越 … ,越 … "
2 .Hold a picture of yourself long and steadily enough _____ your mind's eye, and you will be drawn
toward it . (99. 10)
A.at B.in C.before D.in front of
答案： B。考点： 本题主要考查词组 in one's mind's eye 意思是"在脑海中，在心目中" 。
3.In the past two decades, research ______(expand) our knowledge about sleep and dreams . (00.4)
答案：has expanded。本题主要考查现在完成时。"in the past two decades"经常是表示现在完成时
的时间状语。
4.It has been proved that their best ideas seem _____(occur) when they were relaxing. (01.4)
答案： to have occurred 。 考点：本题主要考查 seem 后面要加动词不定式完成时作宾语。
5.汉译英： 科学家正在研究为什么白日梦会有益于人们的健康。 (01.4)
答案： Scientists are studying why daydreaming is beneficial to people's health.
6.A life ____(live) without fantasy and daydreaming is a really poor life indeed. (02.4)
答案：lived。考点：lived 是过去分词作定语修饰 life 。 词组"live a …life "表示过着 …样的生活。
Text A Work, Labor, and Play
课文简介
本文主要介绍了工作与劳作之间的差别。能给人以报酬，同时又能带来快乐的便是工作，如果
某人从所从事的工作中得到享受，他就是个工作者， 如果他被迫做此事来谋生，那么他就是个劳作
者。劳作者通常希望有更多的空闲来娱乐，而对工作者来说，工作本身就是娱乐。文章还分析了为
什么工作者所占比例只有16%
Paras . 1-3 the essential difference among work, labor and play.
Paras .4-5 the reason why percentage of workers is smaller than that of laborers.
New Words
1.compel vt.强迫(to)
(
be compelled to 被强迫
用法： compel sb. to do sth.强迫某人做某事，令某人不得不做某事
The rain compelled us to stay indoors .下雨使我们不得不待在家里。
They were often compelled to work twelve or fourteen hours a day.
他们常常不得不每天工作12或14个小时。
2 rightly ad. 公正地， 正当地；
right：
a.正确的， 对的，右边的
n.权利
3.laborer n.劳动者； 工人
4.antithesis n.对偶，(修辞学)对句；对立面
oppositeness
antithesis 的同义词 oppositeness
5.voluntary a. 自愿的， 志愿的；自发的
派生词： volunteer n.志愿者， 自愿者
Is it voluntary, or do we have to go?这是自愿的，还是我们必须去？
He has just finished his voluntary services overseas.他刚完成海外志愿工作。
6.undertake vt.着手做， 进行；承担， 从事
He undertook the responsibility for reform.他负责改革工作。
He undertook to improve the working conditions.他承诺改善工作。
He reluctantly undertook the work.他不情愿地从事这项工作。
7.coincide vi.一致，相符(with)
Our interests coincide.我们的利害(关系)一致。
His comments coincided with a survey this week.他的意见与本周的一项调查结果一致。
A man's appearance doesn't often coincide with his moral quality.
一个人的外貌和他的品质常常不一致。
8.manual a./n.手的，用手(操作)的；体力的
9.cobbler n.补鞋匠
10.clerk n.办事员， 公务员；店员
11.efficiently ad.效率高地，有能力地
inefficient
inefficiency
This adult education program can also help eliminate poverty in this area.
这项成人教育计划也有助于在这个地区消除贫困。
Eliminate the exploitation of men by men.消灭人剥削人的现象。
All the mistakes should be eliminated from his article.所有的错误都应从这篇文章里清除掉。
12.coronary a./n.冠的，冠状的；冠状动脉
13.compulsion n.强制，强迫
compel
14.division n.分开，分割；分工；部门
divide
15.eliminate vt.排除，消灭
get rid of
16.formerly ad. 以前，从前
(
17.enjoyable a.愉快的， 快乐的；有趣的
enjoy doing sth
18.boring a.令人厌烦的
boring a.
bore v.
boredom n.
19.aristocracy n.贵族统治；贵族
20.ritualize vt./vi. (行为模式)仪式化
-ise -ize 动词词尾
ritual
21.grouse n.松鸡
22.unchanging a.不变的
23.aristocratic a. 贵族的； 贵族式的
24.amusement n.娱乐，消遣
25.gamble vi./vt./n.赌博，打赌；投机，冒险
26.duel n./vi. 决斗；(双方的)斗争
27.warfare n. 战争，作战，
28.aptly ad.恰当地， 贴切地；灵巧地
29.phrase n.短语，词语；习惯用语
phrases
1.so far as …knows 就某人所知
so far as somebody
someone
knows
He isn't coming today, so far as I know.据我所知，他今天不会来。
So far as I know, he won't be back until next month.据我所知，他等到下个月才能回来。
2.of…value 有 …价值
of+n=相应的形容词
具有特性的名词。
be of+n=be+相应的形容词
This work is of great importance / value / interest = This work is very important/valuable / interesting.
这项工作很重要/很有价值/很有趣。
Information is of great value to him.信息对他有很大价值。
很多人仍然认为妇女的职业是第二重要的。
Many people still believe that women's career are secondary important ./are of secondary importance.
3.of… importance 有 …重要性
4.in the strict sense 在严格的意义上
They are not immigrants, at least not in the strict sense.从严格意义上来说他们不是移民。
5.of… interest 有 … 兴趣
6.to coincide with 相符，一致
7.attitude towards 对 … 的态度； 意见
What is your attitude to/towards this idea?你对这个想法的态度如何？
8.at a guess 凭猜测
9.to go in for 参加，从事；以 … 为兴趣， 爱好
(
compel devide get rid of
What sports do you go in for?你喜欢什么运动？
He goes in for pop music.他喜欢流行音乐。
The boy goes in for stamp collecting.这个男孩喜欢集邮。
10.to get one's teeth into 死死咬住，紧紧抓住； 认真对待
Work, Labor, and Play
So far as I know, Miss Hannah Arendt was the first person to define the essential difference between
work and labor. To be happy, a man must feel, firstly, free and, secondly, important . He cannot be really
happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is
ignored by society as of no value or importance. (1) In a society where slavery in the strict sense has been
abolished, the sign that what a man does is of social value is that he is paid money to do it, but a laborer
today can rightly be called a wage slave. (2)A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest
to himself but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living and supporting his family. (3)
1.本句中，as of no value or importance 在 if 从句中作主语补足语, as 在这里是介词， 解释为"作
为 … ""be ignored by society as … "被社会作为毫无价值或无关紧要的东西而忽视。
句中有两个 what 引导的从句，第一个是宾语从句作 do 的宾语，第二个是主语从句，谓语是 is
ignored。
if 后面跟了主语从句
译文： 如果社会强迫他去做自己不乐意做的事；或者社会无视他自己喜欢做的事，将其当作没
有价值或无关紧要的， 他就不可能真正快乐。
2. 句子的基本部分是： In a society … the sign … is that he is paid money to do it, but … ；where
slavery … abolished 是定语从句修饰 society；that what a man does is of social value 是 the sign 的同位语
从句，其中又套有一个主语从句 what a man does ；that he is paid money to do it 是表语从句；but 引导
的是一个并列句。
译文： 在一个严格意义上讲已经废除奴隶制的社会里，一个人所做的事具有社会价值的标志就
是他为此得到了报酬， 但实际上我们可以把今天的劳作者称为薪水奴隶。
3.本句中 society offers him 是省去了连接词 that 的定语从句，
修饰 the job；by the necessity of doing sth. 由于干某事的必要性。
译文："如果一个人对社会给予的工作毫无兴趣，只是为了生计和养家糊口而被迫接受这份工作，
那他就是一名劳作者。
The antithesis to labor is play. When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, otherwise we
should not play it, but it is a purely private activity; society could not care less whether we play it or not.
could not careless ＝as little as possible
you can't be more careless .你太不细心了
Between labor and play stands work. (4) A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job
which society pays him to do; what from the point of view of society is necessary labor is from his own
point of view voluntary play. (5) Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends, not on the job
itself, but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it. ( 6 ) The difference does not, for example,
coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job; a gardener or a cobbler may be a worker, a
bank clerk a laborer. Which a man is can be seen from his attitude toward leisure. To a worker, leisure
means simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently. He is therefore more likely to
take too little leisure than too much; (7) workers die of coronaries and forget their wives' birthdays . To the
(
laborer, on the other hand, leisure means freedom from compulsion, so that it is natural for him to imagine
that the fewer hours he has to spend laboring, and the more hours he is free to play, the better. (8)
4.Between labor and play stands work.介于劳作和娱乐之间的是工作。
这是一个全部倒装句，因为前两段分别介绍了 labor 和 play，下一段将介绍 work,所以将labor
and play 提前，起到承上启下的修饰效果。
5.what 引导的是主语从句，两个 from the point of view 皆为状语。谓语动词是第二个 is 。表语是
voluntary.
本句意思："从社会观点来看是必要的劳动，从他个人观点来看则成了自愿娱乐。 "
6.Whether ajob is to be classified as labor or work 是主语从句，注意其中谓语 is to be 表示"应该"。
depends, not on … but on … "不取决于 …而取决于 … "
译为： 一件工作被归类为劳作还是工作， 不取决于工作本身，而取决于从事这项工作的人的兴
趣。
his vocation
coincides with
his avocation
to a worker
to the laborer
7.He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much;这是对同一个人不同方面的比
较。译为："因此他的休闲时间可能太少而不是太多。 "
8.die of 死于……
die of 死于自然原因
die from 死于非自然原因
so that 在句中引导结果状语从句。"the fewer … the more … the better "是一个比较结构，表示"越 …
就越 … " 。The better 后面省略了 it is .
译为： 另一方面， 对劳动者来说，闲暇意味着从强迫劳动中摆脱出来的自由，因此很自然地他
会想象自己被迫劳动的时间越短，自由娱乐的时间越长就越好。
What percentage of the population in a modern technological society are, like myself, in the fortunate
position of being workers? (9) At a guess 1 would say sixteen per cent, and I do not think that figure is
likely to get bigger in the future.
9.percentage 作单数还是复数取决于它所代表的名词是可数的还是不可数的。一般说来 population
作"人口"解时，是总称，为集合名词，一般作不可数名词用，但这里由于 percentage 与后面的 workers
有直接呼应关系，从意义一致的角度看，谓语动词用了 are 而没有从语法一致的角度用 is。
译为：在现代技术社会里，有百分之几的人能像我一样处在工作者的幸运位置上呢？
Technology and the division of labor have done two things; by eliminating in many fields the need for
special strength or skill, they have made a very large number of paid occupations which formerly were
enjoyable work into boring labor, and by increasing productivity they have reduced the number of
necessary laboring hours. ( 10 ) It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority of the
population, that is to say, its laborers, will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by
the aristocracy. ( 11 ) When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved, the prospect is not
cheerful. Indeed, the problem of dealing with boredom may be even more difficult for such a future mass
society than it was for aristocracies. (12) The latter, for example, ritualized their time; there was a season to
shoot grouse, a season to spend in town, etc. The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by
fashion which it will be in the economic interest of certain people to change as often as possible(13)Again,
the masses cannot go in for hunting, for very soon there would be no animals left to hunt. For other
(
aristocratic amusements like gambling, dueling, and warfare, it may be only too easy to find equivalents in
dangerous driving, drug-taking, and senseless acts of violence. ( 14 ) Workers seldom commit acts of
violence, because they can put their aggression into their work, be it physical like the work of a smith, or
mental like the work of a scientist or an artist. (15)The role of aggression in mental work is aptly expressed
by the phrase "getting one's teeth into a problem."
10. 句 中 冒 号 后 面 的 句 子 用 来 解 释 前 面 的 句 子 ， 它 的 主 要 结 构 为 ： by … ， they have
made …occupations …into …labor ， and by …they have reduced the number …。在第一个 by 介词短语
中， in many fields 是动名词 eliminating 的状语，原应在 skill 之后， 但因宾语部分太长， 所以被提
到前面，插在了动词 eliminating 和它的宾语 the need 之间。"which formerly were enjoyable work 为定
语从句， 修饰 occupations。
译为： 技术和劳动分工完成了两件事：通过在很多领域消除了对特殊能力或技能的需求，把大
量以前令人愉快的有偿工作变成了枯燥无味的劳作；通过提高生产力减少了必要的劳动时间。
11.句中in which 直至句尾为定语从句，修饰 society。定语从句中又包含有一个状语从句 as much
leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy ,其中第二个 as 引导的是带被动语态的比较状语
从句。注意 leisure 为状语从句的主语，所以不能再另加主语。
译为： 现在人们已经可能去想象这样一个社会：其大部分人口， 即劳作者， 将会享有与以前贵
族阶层几乎同样多的闲暇时间。
12.mass society 意为"大众社会"
确实，与当时的贵族相比，为这样一个未来的大众社会解决如何打发闲暇的问题要困难的多。
13.which 引导的定语从句修饰 fashion ， 从句中 it 是形式主语，真正主语是后面的不定式 to
change 。 " change"的宾语是 which , 即 fashion。
本句译为："老百姓更可能用时尚取代千篇一律的程式，而尽可能地经常改变时尚是符合某些人
的经济利益的。 "
14.only too easy to do sth. "非常容易做某事"
too … to …一般作?quot;太 … 以致不能 … "讲，但是加上 only, but, all 等词后则为"非常 …做某事"。
例如：我非常愿意和你一起工作。 I'm only too pleased to work with you.
He was only too glad to help you.
He was too busy to help you.
译为： 对其他的贵族娱乐如赌博、决斗和打仗，要找一些与其对等的消遣方式实在是很容易的
如危险驾驶、吸毒和无意义的暴力行为。
15.be it physical like the work of a smith, or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist 为虚拟式让
步状语从 句 ， 等 价 于： whether it is physical like the work of a smith, or it is mental like the work of a
scientist or an artist.
译为： 工作者很少有暴力行为，因为他们会把自己的进取精神都投入到工作中去，不管是像铁
匠那样的体力工作还是像科学家或艺术家那样的脑力工作，都是如此。
Text B The Workman's Compensation
New Words
(
1.workman n.工人，劳动者
2.tighten vt./vi. (使)变紧；拧紧
形容词 tight+en
3.infinitely ad.无限地， 无穷地
4.varied a. 1.各种各样的； 2.杂色的， 斑斓的
vary 改变，变化
5.subtle a. 1.精巧的， 精妙的； 2.微妙的， 难以捉摸的
6.cadre n.干部；基干
7.curtail vt. 1.截短，缩短(讲话，假期，节目等)； 2.削减(经费等)
8.subtly ad. 1.精巧的， 精妙地； 2.微妙地， 难以捉摸地
subtlety
9.excessive a.过多的， 过分的
10.competition n. 1.竞争； 2.比赛
11.slack a. 1.懒散的， 清闲的，松弛的； 2.行动迟缓的，有气无力的
vi.减慢，松懈
n. 1.清闲； 2.淡季，不活跃时期
12.longshoreman([复] longshoremen) n.码头装卸工人
13.cargo([复]cargo(e)s) n.船货，货物
14.toss vt. 1.抛，掷； 2.使摇摆， 使动荡
vi. 1.摇摆，颠簸； 2.翻来覆去
15.coin n.硬币，钱币
vt.创造(新词)
16.vengeance n.报仇，报复
17.outrage n. 1.暴行，不法行为； 2.愤慨
vt. 1.对 … 施暴； 2.激怒
18.vain a.徒劳的
19.hell n. 1.地狱，阴间； 2. (非正式)用以咒骂或表示愤怒，不满
20.white-collar a. 白领阶层的，从事脑力劳动的
blue-collar 蓝领
dog-collar 狗链
21.encounter vt./vi 1.遭遇，遇到； 2.意外地遇到(朋友等)
n. 1.遭遇，冲突； 2.偶然相见
to come across 意外的遇到
22.series n. [单复同形] 1.一系列， 连续； 2.丛书，套，辑，组； 3.[电]串联
23.assembly n. 1.集合； 2.集会， [总称]与会者； 3.装配，组装
24.clipboard n.带弹簧夹子的书写板
25.stopwatch n. (赛跑用的)跑表
vt.用秒表测定时间
26.disapproval n.不赞成； 不许可
27.studied a. 1.深思熟虑的； 2.故意的， 蓄意的
28.discredit vt. 1.败坏 … 的名声； 2.使不可置信
n. 1.丧失信义； 2.不信，怀疑
29.response n. 1.作答，回答； 2.响应，反应
Phrases and Expressions
(
1.year in and year out 一年一年地，年复一年
2.in large measure 很；大半；大部分
3.to take.. .easy 轻松一点；不用太紧张
4.on and off (off and on) 1.不时； 2.断断续续地，间歇地
5.to put an end to 结束或废除某事务
6.to do one's best 尽全力； 尽量
7.to expect sth.of sb.对某人报有某种期望
8.to do with 1.处理； 2.忍受
9.in return 作为回报
10.to do without 1.没有 … 也行； 2.将就，设法应付过去
11.to have an edge 具有优势
12.so long as 假如；只要
13.to keep up 1.赶上，不落后； 2.振作，使不落后； 3.遵守； 4.继续，保持
14.to cut down on 减少对 …之消耗量
15.to apply oneself 致力于， 努力
16.to play into sb.'s hands 为某人谋方便；有利于某人
17.at present 现在；目前
18.to toss a coin 掷硬币(以猜其正反面)；(与某人)掷硬币以作决定
19.with a vengeance 1.猛烈地； 2.过度地
20.on occasion 有时，间或
21.to sit down on 反对
22.in vain 无效地； 无结果地；徒然
23.to go to hell 见鬼去(骂人用法)
24.to rob sb.of sth.抢某人之财物
25.in series 串联电路的；成串联的
26.with a view towards(或 to)以 … 为目的
27.to take a free ride 免费搭车
28.How come. .. ？ 怎么会 …？
重点词汇：
1.tighten : v (使)变紧，拧紧
派生词： tight a.紧的
eg ：As he struggled , the ropes tightened even more. 他越挣扎，绳子便绑得越紧。
Are there any plans to tighten control of advertising?有没有什么加强广告管理的计划？
2.excessive : a.过多的， 过分的
派生词： exceed v.超过，超出； excess n.超越
eg：Excessive exercise can sometimes cause health problems.过多的锻炼有时也可能带来健康问题。
Excessive drinking is harmful to your health.酗酒对你的身体有害。
3.competition : n.竞争，比赛
派生词： compete v.竞争，比赛
4.encounter : to come across v.遭遇，遇到
eg：The army is reported to be encountering considerable resistance in some remote rural areas.据报道
部队在某些偏僻的乡村遇到了相当大的抵抗。
When did you first encounter these difficulties?你最初遇到这些困难是在什么时候？
(
5.disapproval : n.不赞成， 不许可
派生词： approval 赞成，许可
eg ：Although they said nothing , she could sense their disapproval.
尽管他们什么都没说， 但她能感觉到他们不赞成。
Phrases 词组 ：
1.to take …easy 轻松一点；勿太紧张
eg ：When confronted with difficult problems, take it easy and be patient.碰到难题时要从容耐心。
2.to do one's best 尽全力； 尽量
eg ：I did my best to stop her.我已尽全力阻止她。
3.to expect sth. of sb.对某人抱有某种期望
eg ：I can't finish this job by Friday, you expected too much of me. 我星期五以前干不完这项工作，
你对我期望太高了。
4.in return :作为回报
eg ：I bought him a drink in return for his help.我请他喝酒以酬谢他的帮助。
5.so long as 假如，只要
eg ：As long as it doesn't rain we can play.只要不下雨，我们就能玩。
You can improve your oral English so long as you keep practicing. 你只要不断地练习，就能提高口
语。
6.to apply oneself:致力于， 努力
eg：You will only pass your exams if you really apply yourself to your work. 你只有真正专心用功，
考试才会及格。
7.on occasion :有时，间或
eg ：He has, on occasion , made small mistakes.他有时犯一些小错误。
8.in vain :无效地； 徒然
eg ：All our work was in vain.我们的工作都白干了。
How can someone, hour after hour, day after day, year in and year out, tighten approximately the same
nut to the same bolt and not go mad? (1) That most working people do not, in fact, go mad is due in large
measure to a phenomenon so common that it is found wherever people labor in industry: taking it easy. (2)
It would take some kind of real mental case to do all the work one could all day long. No one expects it.
Taking it easy on the job while someone else covers your work, or " working on and off, " as it is usually
called in America, is an established part of the working life.
1 .How can someone, hour after hour, day after day, year in and year out, tighten approximately the
same nut to the same bolt and not go mad ? (para. 1)
这是一个反意问句，意为："一个人时复一时， 日复一日，年复一年地把几乎同样的螺母拧到螺
钉上，又怎么能不发疯呢？ "
2 . That most working people do not, in fact, go mad is due in large measure to a phenomenon so
common that it is found wherever people labor in industry: taking it easy.(para. 1)
That most working people do not, in fact, go mad 是主语从句，that 是只起连接作用，不在句中担
任任何成分。
so common that 中， that 引导结果状语从句，句中的 it 是指前边的 a phenomenon。
wherever people labor in industry:地点状语从句。
全句译为："事实上大多数劳动人民之所以没有精神错乱，很多程度上应是由于一个
无论人们在哪个行业都普遍存在的现象，不紧不慢的干活。 "
(
Working on and off, however, has its limits . The rules are infinitely varied, subtle, and flexible, and, of
course, they are always changing. Management, up to a certain level at least, is aware of the practice, and in
some industries employs entire cadres of people to curtail or put an end to it. ( 3 ) Simultaneously, the
workers are subtly doing their best to keep it going and to extend it wherever possible.
3.Management, up to a certain level at least, is aware of the practice, and in some industries
employs entire cadres of people to curtail or put an end to it (para.2)
up to a certain level at least 修饰 management ,意思是"至少到了一定层次的管理部门"
the practice 指的是前一段提到的"干干停停" (on and off)
some industries "某些行业"
译为：“管理部门，至少达到某种层次的管理部门，是知道这个干法，因此在某些行业他们雇用
整套骨干班子，以减少和杜绝这种干干停停的可能性。 ”
Every worker has a highly developed sense of how much work is expected of him. When he feels that
the expectation is excessive, he tries to do something about it. This instinct has to do with the political
nature of work itself, something every modern worker understands . (4) The bosses want more from the
worker than they are willing to give in return. (5) The workers give work, and the bosses give money. The
exchange is never quite equal, and the discrepancy is called profit. Since the bosses cannot do without
profit, workers have an edge. A good worker in a key spot could, so long as he kept up production, take all
the coffee breaks he wanted, (6) and the bosses would very likely look the other way. He could also choose
to cut down on the coffee breaks, apply himself, and increase production, and then ask for and get more
money. But that would be self-defeating, and he knows it. It would also place him in competition with other
workers, which would be playing into the bosses' hands . (7) What he would rather do is create some slack
for himself and enjoy his job more. (8)
4.This instinct has to do with the political nature of work itself, something every modern worker
understands . (para.3)
something 是 the political nature of work itself 的同位语
译为： "这种本能与工作本身的政治性质有关，这一点每个现代工人都明白。 "
5.The bosses want more from the worker than they are willing to give in return. (para.3)
in return：回报
"老板想从工人身上榨取比他愿意回报给个人的酬金更多的东西。 "
6.A good worker in a key spot could, so long as he kept up production, take all the coffee breaks
he wanted. (para.3)
so long as ：只要 … 就
"关键岗位上的一个好工人，只要他保证产量不降低，就能尽情地利用工间休息。"
7.It would also place him in competition with other workers, which would be playing into the bosses'
hands. (para.3)
which 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子。即"他和别的工人产生竞争"这件事。
8.What he would rather do is create some slack for himself and enjoy his job more. ( para.3)
What he would rather do 主语从句中有 do，因此两个作表语的动词不定式 create:和 enjoy:前面都
省略了 to。
At present on the West Coast, when a gang of longshoremen working on cargo start a shift, they often
divide themselves into two equal groups and toss a coin. One group goes into the far reaches of the slip's
hold and sits around. The other group starts loading cargo, usually working with a vengeance, since each
one of them is doing the work of two men. An hour later, the groups change places. In other words ,
although my fellow longshoremen and I are getting paid for eight hours, on occasion we work only four .If
(
someone reading this feels a sense of moral outrage because we are sitting down on the job, I am sorry. (9)
I have searched my mind in vain for a polite way to tell that reader to go to hell. (10)
9.If someone reading this feels a sense of moral outrage because we are sitting down on the job, I am
sorry. (para.4)
this 指前面提到的内容。
a sense of moral outrage "一种义愤的感觉"
sitting down on the job "停下来不干活"
10.I have searched my mind in vain for a polite way to tell that reader to go to hell. (para.4)
in vain 无效地， 徒劳地 to go to hell.见鬼去
"我绞尽脑汁，可是找不到一种礼貌的说法告诉这位读者，见他的鬼去吧。 "
If you are that reader, I would recommend that you abandon your outrage and begin thinking about
doing something similar for yourself. ( 11 ) You probably already have, even if you won't admit it. White
collar office workers, too, have come under criticism time is being spent around the Mr. Coffee machine,
and some people ( would you believe it? ) have even been having personal conversations on company time.
In fact, one office- system expert recently said that he had yet to encounter a business work place that was
functioning at more than about 60percent efficiency. (12)
11.If you are that reader, I would recommend that you abandon your outrage and begin thinking about
doing something similar for yourself. (para.5)
would recommend： "我会建议你 … "
如果你是那位读者，我会建议你不要愤怒，并开始思考你自己也干些类似的事。
12.In fact, one off-system expert recently said that he had yet to encounter a business work place that
was functioning at more than about 60 percent efficiency. (para.5)
had yet to encounter "还没有遇到 … "
Management often struggles hare to set up a situation where work is done in series: a worker receives
an article of manufacture, does something to it, and passes it on to another worker, who does something
else to it and then passes it on to the next guy, and so on.. the assembly line is a perfect example of this .
Managers like this type of manufacture because it is more efficient - that is ,it achieves more production.
They also like it for another reason, even if they will not admit it: it makes it very difficult for the worker to
do anything other than work. (13)
13.They also like it for another reason, even if they will not admit it: it makes it very difficult for the
worker to do anything other than work. (para.6)
other than "除了 … 以外"
Frederick W. Taylor, the efficiency expert who early in this century conducted the time-and - motion
studies that led to the assembly- line process, tried to reduce workers to robots, all in the name of greater
production. (14) His staff of experts, each armed with clipboard and stopwatch, studied individual workers
with a view toward eliminating unnecessary movement. ( 15) They soon found a great deal of opposition
from the workers.
14.Frederick W. Taylor, the efficiency expert who early in this century conducted the time-and-motion
studies that led to the assembly- line process, tried to reduce workers to robots, all in the name of greater
production. (para.7)
主语有一个很长的同位语，其中有两个定语从句， 有 who 和 that 引导。
全句译为："效率专家 Frederick W. Taylor, (佛雷德里克。泰勒)早在本世纪初就进行了时间与
动作的研究，从而导致了装配线生产过程的出现。他还试图将工人变成机器人，这都是以提高产量
的名义进行的。 "
(
15.His staff of experts, each armed with clipboard and stopwatch, studied individual workers with a
view toward eliminating unnecessary movement.
each armed with clipboard and stopwatch,过去分词短语为独立结构，作伴随状语， each 是分词独
立结构的逻辑主语， armed 为过去分词，意思是： "被 …武装"
Most people not directly engaged in daily work express disapproval when they hear of people working
on and off. (16)A studied campaign with carefully chosen language -"a full day's work for a full day's pay,"
" taking a free ride" - has been pushed by certain employers to discredit the practice, and their success is
such that I rarely discuss it except with other workers. (17) My response is personal, and a feel no need to
defend it: If I am getting a free ride, how come I am so tired when I go home at the end of a shift?
16.Most people not directly engaged in daily work express disapproval when they hear of people
working on and off.
not directly engaged in daily work 和 working on and off.都是分词短语作定语修饰 people 不直接
从事日常工作的大多数人，当他们听到人们干干停停的做法时， 表示不赞成。
1 7.A studied campaign with carefully chosen language---" a full day's work for a full day's pay,"
" taking a free ride"--- has been pushed by certain employers to discredit the practice, and their success is
such that I rarely discuss it except with other workers.
a studied campaign "一场经过研究的运动"
such that 引导结果状语从句， "如此以至于 … "
全句大意为： “某些雇主大力发动一场周密策划的运动， 使用精心措词的口号--给一天钱干一天
活，只拿钱不干活， --来败坏干干停停这种做法的名声。 ”
英译汉翻译方法介绍 句子的翻译(一)
英译汉句子翻译：
一、分译与合译
1.分译
英语的一些语句有时比较简练，但在翻译成汉语时，为了表达更完美，原句可译成两句(或两句
以上)
Everything here is dear to her.对这里的一切事物，她都感到亲切。
2.合译
可以把相邻的、语义紧密地句子译成一句；把复合句、并列句译成简单句
Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。
二、复合句的翻译及顺序
注意：英语句中的标点符号与汉语句中的标点不存在一致关系。英文句中的标点侧重语法功能，
而汉语则侧重于意思的表达。另外， 英语一个句子中只有一个谓语，而汉语中使用动词较多。
1.名词从句的译法：翻译时顺序一般不变
主语从句 What you say is always true.你说的话总是对的。(合译)
(
It is still a question which way is more effective.
哪种办法效率更高，这还是个问题。(分译)
表语从句 One idea is that fish is the best brain food .有一种看法认为鱼是最好的补脑食品。
宾语从句 She asked the teacher why some words were hard to remember.
她问老师为什么有些字很难记住。
同 位语从句 I have an idea that parents should monitor the kind of television their children watch.
我有一个想法，父母应该检查孩子看电视的内容(种类)
2.定语从句的译法
定语从句的译法应符合汉语习惯，一般来说，限制性定语从句前置译，非限制性定语从句常采
用后置的译法，但如果从句较短，也可前置。
I'll teach you such a lesson as you'll never forget.我要给你一个终生难忘的教训。
They turned a deaf ear to our demands, which was not reasonable .
他们对我们的要求置之不理，这是毫无道理的。
3.状语从句的译法
状语从句有九种：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、比较、方式、让步
要注意从属连词的意义
since 可以引导时间状语从句： "自从， 从 … 时候开始"；原因状语从句， "既然、由于"as 关系代
词， 引导定语从句关系副词，引导状语从句， as 引导时间状语从"当什么时候"主从句的动作同时进
行。引导原因从句， "由于"引导让步状语从句"虽然，尽管"倒装。方式状语从句"像，如同"。
although /though 引导让步状语从句
while 可以引导让步状语从句"虽然"，也可以引导时间状语从句， 也可以是转折连词，"然而、
而"表示两个事物的对比。
no matter +when /where /how ＝whenever/wherever /however
Unit 13 练习
一、单词词组英译汉：
1.compel 2.voluntary 3.undertake 4.coincide 5.manual
6.efficiency 7.compulsion 8.division 9.eliminate 10.boring
11.amusement . so far as …knows . to coincide with . attitude toward . to go in for
二、句子英译汉：
1.He cannot be really happy if his compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing. (para. 1)
2.Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends , not on the job itself, but on the tastes of
the individual who undertake it. (para. 3)
3 .The difference does not , for example, coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental
job.
4 .So that it is natural for him to imagine that the fewer hours he has to spend laboring , and the more
hours he is free to play, the better.
5 . This instinct has to do with the political nature of work itself, something every modern worker
understands . (para.3)
6.The bosses want more from the worker than they are willing to give in return. (para.3)
7 .A good worker in a key spot could , so long as he kept up production , take all the coffee breaks he
wanted.(para.3)
(
8.I have searched my mind in vain for a polite way to tell that reader to go to hell. (para.4)
9.If you are that reader, I would recommend that you abandon your outrage and begin thinking abut
doing something similar for yourself. (para.5)
10.They also like it for another reason, even if they will not admit it : it makes it very difficult for the
worker to do anything other than work.
other than 除了 … 以外
三、汉译英
1.如果他被迫去做他不乐意做的事，他不可能高兴。
He can't be happy if he is compelled to do what he doesn't enjoy doing.
If he is compelled to do what he is unwilling to do, he cannot be happy.
2.一件工作被算成是劳作还是工作取决于个人的喜好。
Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends on one's interest.
3.广义上说，任何人作的工作都对社会有益。
In a broad sense , what anyone does is beneficial to the society.
In general , what one does is of social value.
4.劳作与工作之间的区别与体力劳动与脑力劳动的区别并不一样。
The difference between labor and work does not coincide with that between a manual and a mental job;
5.技术与劳动分工在许多领域结束了对熟练工的需求。
Technology and the division of labor have eliminated in many fields the need for skilled workers.
历年考题：
1.The important of these _____(vary) according to the nature of one's life-style. (99. 10)
答案： varies。
2.汉译英： 将来还会有脑力劳动和体力劳动的区别吗？(00.04)
Will there be any difference between the manual labor and the mental job in the future ?
3 .A man can not be really happy if what he enjoys_____(do) is ignored by society as of no value or
importance. (00.10)
答案： doing。考点： enjoy 后跟名词或动名词作宾语。
4.汉译英： 他被迫接受了一份他自己毫无兴趣的工作。
He is compelled to take a job which is of no interest to himself.
Text A The Teacher's Last Shocking Lesson
课文简介
温斯坦，一位45岁的美国新泽西州的中学教师，在她去学校的路上被一个不到17岁的少年袭击。
在她被杀害之前，她设法录下了她和袭击者的谈话。录音谈话不仅帮助警察找到了凶手，也显示了
这位女教师非凡的勇气和同情心，为社会树立了榜样。
(
Para.1 Kathleen Weinstein --- a remarkable teacher, was killed.
Paras.2-3 The teacher encountered the robber and tried to reason
with him, and she managed to tape their conversation.
Paras. 4 - 5 The worst thing happened, but she gave her last lesson
to the juvenile.
New Words
1 shocking
a.
令人震惊的，骇人听闻的
2 miniature
n./a.
缩样，小型物；微型的，小型的
3 device
n.
装置，器械；方法，手段
4 capture
vt./n
.捕获；夺得，占领；捕获物
5 microcassette
n.
微型卡式录音带
6 allege
vt.
断言，宣称；
7 compassion
n
.同情；怜悯
8 grab
vt./n./vi.
攫取；抓取
9 jaw
n.
颌，颚
10 attacker
n.
攻击者
11 activate
vt
.使活动， 使起作用
12 recorder
n
.记录者， 录音机
13 prosecutor
n.
起诉人， 检察官，公诉人
14 belonging
n.
所有物； 行李
15 hysterical
a.
癔病的， 歇斯底里的； 患癔病的
16 threatening
a.
威胁(性)的，凶兆的
17 persistently
ad
.坚持地， 固执地
18 convince
vt.
使确认， 使信服
19 excerpt
n./vt.
摘录，节录
20 beloved
a./n.
为…所爱的； 亲爱的；心爱的人
21 foster
vt.
鼓励，促进；养育，抚养
22 persuasion
n.
说服，劝服
23 avail
vt./vi.
有利，有助； n.好处，用处
24 hiker
n.
徒步旅行者
25 smother
vt./vi.
使窒息， 把…闷死；忍住；窒息
26 suspect
vt./vi./n
.疑有；推测；嫌疑犯， 可疑分子
27 county
n.
(英国) 郡；县
28 profound
a.
深刻的， 深奥的
29 juvenile
a./n.
青少年的，青少年
30 materialism
n
. [哲]唯物主义，唯物论
31 solicit
vt.
请求，恳求
32 p.a. (=public address) system 有线广播，扩音系统
33 merchant
n.
商人
34 heartbreaking
a.
使人心碎的
35 resonance
n.
回声，反响；共振，共鸣
词组：
phrases
1 to convince sb. to do sth.
2 on one’s head
说服某人做某事
归罪于某人，(责任) 落到某人身上
(
3 to (或 of) no avail 完全无用，毫无效果
4 to comment on 对…评论
to go beyond 超越
词汇精讲 :
1.shocking a.令人震惊的，骇人听闻的
2.miniature n./a.缩样，小型物；微型的，小型的
3.device n.装置，器械；方法，手段
4.capture: vt. / n.捕获，夺得，占领 同义词是"catch"
capture 强调动作的过程及结果 catch 侧重于结果
The child captured/ caught a bird.
e. g. Two of the soldiers were killed and the rest were captured.两个士兵被杀，其余
的被俘虏。
They lived in terror of capture by enemy soldiers.他们生活在被敌兵俘虏的恐惧中。
5.microcassette n.微型卡式录音带
6.allege vt.断言，宣称；
7.compassion n.同情；怜悯
8.grab vt./n./vi.攫取；抓取
9.jaw n.颌，颚
10.attacker n.攻击者
11.activate vt.使活动， 使起作用
12.recorder n.记录者， 录音机
13.prosecutor n.起诉人， 检察官，公诉人
14.belonging n.所有物； 行李
15.hysterical a.癔病的， 歇斯底里的； 患癔病的
16.threatening：a.威胁性的，凶兆的
派生词： threaten v.威胁； threat n.威胁，危害
e.g. He sent her a threatening letter.他给她寄去了一封恐吓信。
17.persistently ad.坚持地， 固执地
18.convince: vt.使确认， 使信服 ( to convince sb. to do sth. )
e.g. I can easily convince you of his ignorance.我可以很容易地使你相信他的无知。
He was convinced to withdraw from running for the presidency.他被劝说退出总统竞选。
He is convinced that some plants are threatened with extinction.
他相信某些植物物种正受到灭绝的威胁。
19.excerpt n./vt.摘录，节录
20.beloved a./n.为…所爱的； 亲爱的；心爱的人
21.foster vt.鼓励，促进；养育，抚养
22.persuasion : n.劝说，说服
派生词： persuade v.劝说，说服 ( to persuade sb. to do sth. )
e.g. All our persuasion was of no use; she would not come.我们所有的劝说都没有用；
她不肯来。
The salesman persuaded us to buy into buying his products.那推销员 说服我们购买了他
的产品。
(
23.avail : v. / n.有利，有助
派生词： available a.可得到的，可利用的
e. g. You should avail yourself of every chance to improve your English.你应该利用一
切机会提高你的英语。
The medicine didn't avail against the disease.这药对这种病没有产生疗效。
Their efforts were to no avail.他们的努力不起作用。
24.hiker n.徒步旅行者
25.smother vt./vi.使窒息， 把…闷死；忍住；窒息
26.suspect : vt. / n.怀疑，推测； /嫌疑犯， 可疑分子
e.g. He suspected a scheme against his life.他怀疑有人要谋害他的性命。
The security department suspected him of giving information to a foreign company.
安全部门怀疑他向一家外国公司提供情报。
I suspect that he has failed to arrange his time efficiently.我怀疑他没有能力有效地
控制时间。
suspect 是比较确定的怀疑
doubt 是对某事不相信，怀疑
27.countyn. (英国) 郡；县
28.profound：a.深刻的， 深奥的
e.g. This is a profound theory.这是一个深奥的理论。
Those two lines of poetry express perfectly the profound sadness of loss.
这两行诗完美地表达了失去亲人的深切的悲痛。
29.juvenile a./n.青少年的，青少年
30.materialism n. [哲]唯物主义，唯物论
31.solicit vt.请求，恳求
32.p.a. (=public address) system 有线广播，扩音系统
33.merchant n.商人
34.heartbreaking a.使人心碎的
35.resonance n.回声，反响；共振，共鸣
词组 phrases
1.to convince sb. to do sth.说服某人做某事
2 .on one's head：The children's safety is on the teacher's head。
3.to/ of no avail 完全无用，毫无效果
e.g. I tried to persuade him not to resign , but to no avail.我试图劝说他不要辞职，
但毫无效果。
The doctors' efforts to save the child were to/of no avail.医生抢救孩子的努力没有成
功。
4.to comment on :对…评论
e.g. The king refused to comment on / upon the election results.国王拒绝对大选结果
做出评论。
The critics commented favorably on his new book.评论家对于他的新书给予好评。
Can you comment on this conclusion?你能对这一结论发表意见吗？
5.to go beyond 超越
The rapid development of science and technology goes beyond everyone' s imagination.
(
科学技术的快速发展超出了每个人的想象
The Teacher' s Last Shocking Lesson
A remarkable woman reasons with her killer - and tapes it
She used the miniature tape recorder for a graduate-school course she was taking. The
device, though, would do much more than capture a lecture. ①It was a microcassette found
in Kathleen Weinstein' s shirt pocket that not only led police to her alleged killer but
also revealed the New Jersey teacher to be a woman of extraordinary courage and compassion.②
1."do much more than +动词原形";，意思为"不仅仅做…"。"做得比…多"。
译文： "然而这个设备起的作用要比录下一堂课的内容大得多。 "
2.这是一个强调句，alleged killer 指"被指控的凶手"， 即"犯罪嫌疑人"。其中句中"found"
是过去分词作定语修饰 microcassette。a woman of extraordinary courage and compassion.
意为： "具有非凡勇气和同情心的女人"
译文： 正是在凯思琳 ·温斯坦衬衣口袋里发现的这盘微型卡式录音带不仅使得警察找到了杀害
她的凶手嫌疑人，而且也正是它展现了新泽西州的这位老师是一位具有非凡的勇气和同情心的女性。
Weinstein, 45, was on her way to an exam at Toms River High School South on March 14
when she got out of her gold 1995 Toyota Camry to buy a sandwich at the busy TomsRiverShopping
Center. That's where her path crossed that of Michael LaSane, who, police say, wanted just
such a car to celebrate his 17th birthday.③ Grabbing Weinstein by the jaw, the attacker
told her he had a gun and forced her into the Camry. ④The car was then driven to ManitouPark,
about two miles from the shopping center. It was there, police believe, that Weinstein was
able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag. ⑤According to OceanCounty prosecutor
Daniel Carluccio, the taped conversation between Weinstein and L.aSane took place as they
removed personal items - bags, notebooks, her six-year-old son's belongings, from the car.
"It wasn't hysterical," Carluccio says of the 24-mimue tape. "It wasn't the kind of thing
you would expect of someone who is facing a life- threatening situation. Mrs. Weinstein
bravely and persistently used every skill and power she had to convince her attacker to
simply take her car and not her life."
3.句中第二个"that"指的是"path"。 "who"的后面引导一个定语从句修饰"Michael Lasane"。
本句意思是：正是在那里她遇上麦克尔 ·拉森，据警察说，拉森正想要这样一部车
来庆贺他的17岁生日。
4.grabbing Weinstein by the jaw 是现在分词短语作伴随状语。 "grabbing sb. by …"表示"
抓住某人…"。类似的用法： seize sb. by the collar (抓住某人的衣领)，hit sb. on the nose (揍
某人的鼻子)，slap sb. on the cheek (煽某人的耳光)等等。译文：这名歹徒猛地抓住温斯坦的下
巴，自称有枪并胁迫她上了车。
5.此句是个强调句，强调的是地点状语 there。 "she kept in her bag"是定语从句，省略了
that，修饰 recorder。译文： 据警察推测， 温斯坦正是在这里才得以打开放在她包里的录音机。
The excerpts of the talk released by the prosecutor show why Weinstein was a beloved
figure at Thorne Middle School in Middletown, where she was a special-education teacher.
⑥"You haven't done anything yet," she tells her attacker. "All you have to do is let me
go and take my car. For my life, don't you think I should be concerned and let you take
my car? For my life! Do you really want to have that on your head?"⑦ At another point,
(
the teacher tries to get him to open up. "Why don't you just tell me? Of course, it's important.
It' s determining your whole life and the direction you're taking." Weinstein also talks
about her son Daniel and her plans to take in a foster child with her husband Paul.⑧ "1
want to give something to somebody, to give something back," she says.
6.released by the prosecutor 过去分词短语作定语， 修饰 excerpts(谈话片断)
figure 在此表示"人物"
why 引导宾语从句， where 引导非限制性定语从句
译文：从检查官透露的谈话片段可以说明：作为在米道镇的桑恩中学一名从事特殊教育的老师，
温斯坦为什么会在那里成为如此受爱戴的人物。
7.All you have to do 主语从句中有 to do ,不定式作表语省略 to .
动词 let 后面也要省略不定式符号 to ,should 用于加强语气，表示"竟然"
译文："直到现在你还没犯什么大错。你完全可以拿走我的车，但要放我走。为了活命，难道我
还会关心让不让你拿走我的车吗？为了保住我的命！你真的想要背负杀我的罪名？ "
8.take in 在此表示"接受，吸收"的意思
译文：温斯坦还谈到了她的儿子丹尼尔以及她与丈夫保罗打算领养一个孩子。
Her powers of persuasion were to no avail. Weinstein's body, with hands and feet bound,
was discovered by a hiker on March 17. ⑨She had been smothered with her coat. But before
she died she somehow slipped the microcassette into her pocket without her killer knowing
it.⑩ Because Weinstein had asked LaSane about himself and his family, police quickly had
their suspect, the son of a local official. "Our impression was that she was very aware
she was leaving something behind." says Carluccio. He will not comment on LaSane's side
of the conversation except to say. "When you hear the tape, it will raise profound questions
about what is happening in our world with juveniles and our society. It goes beyond
materialism."
9.with hands and feet bound 是独立结构，被插在主语和谓语中间，其中 bound 是bind 的过
去分词。译文： 3月17日，一名徒步旅行者发现了温斯坦的尸体，她的手脚被捆绑着。
10.without her killer knowing it 动名词复合结构， her killer 是动名词的逻辑主语。
译文：但在她死以前． 她没让歹徒知道，偷偷把微型录音机放进了自己的衣袋里。
Weinstein also helped leave behind a new program at ThorneMiddle School in which
students were encouraged to do nice things for others. Every morning Weinstein would
announce various good deeds over the p. a. system and she solicited prizes from local
merchants and restaurants. Given her fate, the name of the program has a heartbreaking
resonance to it: Random Acts of Kindness. ⑾
11."given "是介词， 意思是"考虑到"，"在…情况下"。
译文：想到她遭受如此不幸命运，这项活动的名称听起来令人心碎：随时随地做好事。
例： Given their inexperience, they have done a good job.
考虑到他们缺乏经验， 这工作他们做的不错。
Text B The seeds of Wrath
(
New Words
1 wrath n.愤怒，愤慨
2 apartheid n.种族隔离，种族隔离法
3 repressive a.镇压的； 抑制的
4 divisive a.造成不和的，制造分裂的
5 queue n. 1.辫子； 2.列队
vi.排队(for)
6 restriction n. 限制；约束
7 subversive a.颠覆性的；起破坏作用的
8 sportsman([复] sportsmen) n.爱好运动的人；运动员
9 singer n.歌唱家， 歌手
10 actor n. 男演员 actress 女演员
11 illegal a.非法的； 违规的
12 chess n. 国际象棋
13 barrier n. 障碍；障碍物
14 poet n.诗人 poem 诗
15 incapable a.无能力的；不能的(of)
16 truthfully ad.说真话的，如实地
17 blindness n. 1.无视，视而不见； 2.盲目性
18 ban vt.禁止，取缔
n.禁止；禁令
19 flee vi./vt.逃离，逃避
20 pledge v.发誓；保证
n. 1.誓言，誓约； 2.保证物， 抵押品
21 suicide vt./vi./n. 自杀 commit suicide 自杀
22 indication n. 1.指示，表示； 2.象征，迹象
23 legislate vi.立法
vt.通过立法
24 inflict vt.使遭受(损伤，苦痛等)，使承受(on, upon)
25 rejection n. 1.拒绝，抵制； 2.驳回
26 separation n. 1.分开，分类； 2.分隔
27 cease vt./vi./n.停止，结束
28 eruption n. 1. (火山) 喷发；
2. (战争， 感情等)爆发，迸发
29 pervasive a. 弥漫的， 渗透的；遍布的
30 extent n. 1.广度，范围； 2.程度
31 sterility n. 1.不生育，(植物) 不结果，(土地) 贫瘠
2.消毒，无菌
sterile adj.
Phrases and Expressions
1 to deny sth.to sb. 否认 … 的 …
2 be subversive of 破坏 … 的
3 be incapable of 不会 … ，不能 …
(
4 to commit suicide 自杀
5 to cut off 1．切去， 割掉； 2．切断， 使孤立
to set aside/to put aside 搁置一旁，留出
Text B 重点词汇：
1.illegal :a.非法的； 违规的
派生词： legal a.合法的
e.g. The parents launched a campaign to stop the illegal sale of cigarettes to children under 16.
父母们发起了一项阻止非法向16岁以下儿童售烟的运动。
2.ban v.禁止，取缔；禁令
e.g. Smoking is banned in this restaurant.这个餐厅禁止吸烟。
She was banned from driving for two years.他被禁止开车两年。
There should be a ban on talking and eating loudly in cinemas. 电影院里应该禁止大声说话和吃东
西。
3.flee : v.逃离；逃避
e.g. Everyone fled (from) the building when the fire alarm sounded. 当火警响起时每个人都向搂外逃
去。
In order to escape capture, he fled to the country. 为了躲避抓捕，他逃到了乡下。
4.cease : v./n.停止，结束
近义词： stop
e.g. We must cease dumping waste in the sea.我们必须停止向海洋倾倒垃圾。
5.extent: n.广度，范围；程度
e.g. We don't yet know the extent of his injuries.我们还不知道他受伤的程度。
People are affected to different extents by what they see on television.
人们不同程度地受到电视节目的影响。
词组： phrases
1.to deny sth. to sb. :否认 … 的 …
e.g. They denied the right of making speech to him.他们剥夺了他的发言权。
2.be incapable of 不会，不能 be capable of=to be able to
e.g. She is incapable of such a dreadful thing. 她不会干这种可怕的事。
3.to cut off :切去，割掉；切断
e.g. If this bill is not paid within five days, your gas supply will be cut off.如果你五天内还不支付的
话，你的煤气供应将被停止。
Living out in the country, she felt very cut off.住在郊外农村里，她有种与世隔绝的感觉。
4.to set aside ( to put aside )搁置一旁，留出
e.g. Try and set aside half an hour every day to do some reading.设法每天留出半小时阅读。
The seeds of Wrath
The world knows a great deal about apartheid. It knows it as a repressive political system which
denies political representation to 14,000,000 South Africans because they are not white; it knows it as a
divisive social system which keeps people apart, dividing them on colour lines and punishing those who try
to cross these lines. ⑴But the effects of apartheid in terms of social behaviour and on cultural development
are less well known. ⑵
1.It knows it as a repressive political system which denies political representation to 14,000,000
South Africans because they are not white; it knows it as a divisive social system which keeps people apart,
(
dividing them on color lines and punishing those who try to cross these lines . (para. 1)
此句是用分号隔开的两个并列句， 第一个 it 是主语，指代 the world,第二个it 是宾语，指代
Apartheid,两句中都有which 引导的定语从句修饰 system.
2 . But the effects of apartheid in terms of social behavior and on cultural development are less well
known. (para. 1)
in terms of 在 …方面
To understand the effects of apartheid it is necessary to think of the daily lives of the people and the
ways in which their lives are regulated by apartheid.
It means standing for hours in a bus- queue, because there are too few buses specially set aside for
black people;⑶it means having to pass theatres and swimming pool with no thought of ever entering them,
because they are set aside for with people; and because the restrictions extend to the thoughts people think,
and because the laws apply to both black and white, it means that all people in South Africa are denied the
right to read certain books because the government believes them to be subversive of its apartheid
society. ⑷
3 .It means standing for hours in a bus- queue, because there are too few buses specially set aside for
black people. (para.3)
set aside (为某特定目的)留出，分给，存下
4 . that all people in South Africa are denied the right to read certain books because the government
believes them to be subversive of its apartheid society. (para.3)
" …无权阅读某些书"
Apartheid means that sportsmen like Basil D' Oliviera, Steve Makone, and Precious Mackenzie could
never represent their own country because they were not white; that singers and actors like Miriam Makeba
and Lionel Ngamane would be restricted because of their colour to appearing in certain places and before
certain audiences⑸ -a coloured cast could perform Verdi's "La Traviata" but no nonwhites could attend a
performance before the State president.
5 . that singers and actors like Miriam Makeba and Lionel Ngamane would be restricted because of
their colour to appearing in certain places and before certain audiences … (para. 4)
because of their colour 插在 be retricted to 之间， be restricted to 意思是： "被局限在"
appearing 是动名词作介词 to 的宾语
The list of restrictions is endless - these are only a few small examples . But what they add up to is a
division which breeds hostility. ⑹At sports events, if white and black are present , they support opposing
sides and the result is friction -so much so that in many grounds only whites are allowed. ⑺
It is illegal for white and black to play chess together. And whites who tried to play football in a team
with black members were prosecuted.
6.But what they add up to is a division which breeds hostility. (para.5)
add up to 似乎是，(加起来)等于是
全句大意："但这些例子加起来却意味着可以酿成敌意的隔离。 "
7. … so much so that in many grounds only whites are allowed. (para. 5 )
so much so that 到这样的程度以至于 …
And in a society where these ugly barriers exist, it is better to pretend that they are incapable of
producing any work which truthfully reflects their society; and so deep has this kind of blindness entered
that no work of any real worth has been produced in South Africa for many years. ⑻
8.and so deep has this kind of blindness entered that no work of any real worth has been produced in
South Africa for many years. (para. 7)
(
这是一个"so +副词"开头的倒装句，谓语发生部分倒装。
Perhaps one might expect the writers among the blacks, in a situation full of tension and pain, to
produce works which live. But for them apartheid presents another problem; to be frank is to be banned.
And so writers like Alex la Guma were silenced by banning orders,⑼or others, like Alfred Hutchinson and
Bloke Modisane fled the country. For Nat Nakasa the pledge he was required to sign -to leave his country
and never return proved too much; he committed suicide in New York.
9.And so writers like Alex la Guma were silenced by banning orders ， …(para.8)
silence 是动词， 使沉默，使安静
Even white writers - Andre Brink ,for instance - who have dared to criticize ,or appear to criticise , the
apartheid society have suffered. Their works have been banned, or they have been savagely attacked by the
official spokesmen of apartheid.
The failure of writers to write ,or of people to understand each other - all these are indications of the
deeper evil; the failure of communication. But what is little understood by the outside world is that this is a
failure legislated for.⑽It is a failure which has been carefully designed.
10.But what is little understood by the outside world is that this is a failure legislated for.(para. 10 )
what is little understood by the outside world 是主语从句，
在表语从句中 legislated for 是定语修饰 failure
本句译为："但是外部世界所不甚了解的是这种不能交流是有法律依据的"
It is the intention of those who have constructed the apartheid society, and who intend that it should
last forever, that those who make up the society should be prevented from communicating with each
other. ⑾Black and white must be cut off from each other, must be unable to communicate. ⑿ It is on this
division that apartheid rests .⒀ This is the true meaning of apartheid. And it is this inflicts the true terrible
wound on South African society.
11.It is the intention of those who have constructed the apartheid society, and who intend that it should
last forever, that those who make up the society should be prevented from communicating with each other.
( para. 11)
It 是 形 式 主 语 ， 实 际 主 语 是 that those who make up the society should be prevented from
communicating with each other.
句中有三个 who 引导定语从句修饰 those
全句大意为"这是那些建立种族隔离社会的人，并且希望这种社会永远维持下去的人的意图，他
们企图禁止构成这个社会的人相互交流。 "
12.Black and white must be cut off from each other, must be unable to communicate. (para. 11)
be cut off 被隔绝
13.It is on this division that apartheid rests. (para. 11)
to rest on /upon 意思是"建立在 …之上，依靠"
本句是强调句，被强调部分是介词短语。译为： "种族隔离正是建立在这种分隔之上。 "
But the real damage is in daily human relations. I have seen white children standing in one of the
mixed buses rather than sit beside anyone who was not white and this seems to me so complete a rejection
of another human person that it goes much further than the division and separation backed by law.⒁From
this kind of rejection comes a complete lack of any feeling of common humanity;⒂the suffering of a
human being ceases to be real because he has ceased to be a real human being.
14. … this seems to me so complete a rejection of another human person that it goes much further than
the division and separation backed by law.( para. 12)
本句是一个带有结果状语从句的主从复合句，状语从句中又包含一个比较级结构，
(
much further than … ,代词 it 指的是 rejection "排斥"
backed by law 是过去分词短语作定语
全句大意为："这在我看来是对另一个人的彻底排斥，这种排斥如此彻底，以至于超出了由法律
支持的隔绝和分离。 "
15.From this kind of rejection comes a complete lack of any feeling of common humanity.(para. 12)
这是一个全部倒装句，谓语动词 comes 提到主语之前，倒装原因是主语 a complete lack of any
feeling of common humanity 过长。同时也为了更好地承接前文， 前边刚提到rejection
译为： "这种排斥导致普通人性感情的彻底丧失。 "
This is the situation, which has been created in South Africa today. The tensions are real, the threat of
a violent eruption constant . And this must not be thought of simply as the product of political factors of
arguments. It is a simple truth that human relations between people have deteriorated so far that dialogue,
understanding , friendship - all these are impossible. ⒃
This is the effect of apartheid in terms of society - this is its all pervasive extent: it breeds ,if it breeds
anything , hostility: often the result is simply the bitter sterility which will bring about violence.
16.It is a simple truth that human relations between people have deteriorated so far that dialogue,
understanding, friendship all these are impossible. ( para. 13 )
本句 it 是形式主语， that 引导主语从句，其中有一个 so … that 结构。
全句大意为："这是一个简单的事实：人们之间的关系恶化到了如此地步，以至于人们之间的对
话、理解、友谊，所有这些都成了不可能的事。 "
补充语法知识：
动名词的逻辑主语
1.动名词前面可以加上物主代词或名词所有格，表示行为的主体， 成为动名词的逻辑主语
例如：
① What's the use of my doing that ?
② I dislike John's coming to see me so often .
③ This young man somehow slipped a watch into his pocket without the teacher's knowing it.
2.在非正式英语中，尤其是当动名词在句中作宾语时， 也可以用人称代词的宾格或普通格的名
词修饰动名词
例如：
① Nothing can stop me trying again.
② Do you mind John driving you home ?
Unit 14练习
一、词汇英译汉：
1.device 2.compassion 3.grab 4.belonging 5.threatening
6.convince 7. foster 8. persuasion 9. avail 10. suspect
11.profound . to convince sb. to do sth. . to comment on
二、句子英译汉：
1 . It was a microcassette found in Kathleen Weinstein' s shirt pocket that not only led police to her
alleged killer but also revealed the New Jersey teacher to be a woman of extraordinary courage and
compassion. (para. 1)
本句是个强调句，另外注意 found 的用法
2 . It was there , police believe, that Weinstein was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag.
(
(para.2)
本句是强调句。
3.Weinstein's body, with hands and feet bound, was discovered by a hiker on March 17. (para.4)
4.But before she died she somehow slipped the microcassette into her pocket without her killer
knowing it .
5.Her powers of persuasion were to no avail.
6.He will not comment on LaSane's side of the conversation
三、汉译英：
1.她的劝说以失败而告终。
Her persuasions were to no avail. (end in a failure)
2.我们每人都应为他人做点事，付出点东西。
We all should do something for somebody, to give something back.
Each of us should do something for others, offer something to others .
3.这个年轻人的故事值得我们深思。
The story of the young man is worth thinking about.
4.女教师超人的勇气与同情心鼓舞许多学生为他人做好事。
The extraordinary courage and compassion of woman teacher encouraged many students to do good
deeds for others ...
5.一位具有非凡勇气的女教师与要杀她的凶手辩论。
The extraordinary courage woman teacher reasoned with her killer.
历年考题：
1.It was there, the police believe, ______ she was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag.
A.until
B.which
C.that
D.when
答案： C 。 考点：本题主要考查强调句。
2.Her body, with hands and feet _____(bind) , was discovered by a traveler early in the morning.
答案： bound。
考点：本题主要考查 with +名词+过去分词 为独立结构做状语。
3.He will not make a ________ on LaSane's side of the conversation .
A. statement
B. reference
C. comment
D.note
答案： C。
考点：本题主要考查固定搭配 to comment on "对 … 评论"。
4.汉译英： 这个小伙子偷偷把一块表塞进口袋，没让老师看到。
This Young man somehow slipped a watch into his pocket without his teacher knowing it.
5.汉译英： 那位生物学家相信，某些物种正在受到灭绝的威胁。
The biologist is convinced that some plants are threatened with extinction.
(
Text A The Computer and The Poet
课文简介
这是一篇论说文。当前计算机的广泛应用使人类进入了一个计算机的时代。计算机技术给人类
生活带来了巨大变化，同时， 计算机技术也有它的局限性。作者认为，如果把计算机和诗人的思维
方式相结合，可能会更富有成效。
Paras . 1-6 The computer has great advantages and shortcomings as well.
Paras .7-10 The junction of computer and poet will be fruitful.
New Words
1 computerize vt. 电子计算机化，用电子计算机计算
2 solely ad.单独地， 唯一地
3 content a./vt ./n.满足的， 满意的；使满意；满足
4 sensible a. 感觉得到的，可察觉的；明智的
5 marvelous a.奇异的， 惊人的
6 leap v./n.跳跃；飞跃
7 theoretical a.理论上的
8 persist vi.坚持，固执；持续，存留
9 profusion n.丰富，大量；过分
10 vital a. 生命的； 有生命力的
11 foolishness n.愚蠢；可笑
12 unexamined a.未检查的；未审查的
13 logic n.逻辑(学)；逻辑性；理由
14 evaluate vt.估价，评价
15 raw a.未煮过的，生的；未加工的
16 texture n.组织，质地；织品，织物
17 ultimate a.最后的， 最终的
18 digression n.离题；偏离
19 obscure a./vt. 昏暗的， 朦胧的；模糊的
20 functional a. 功能的； 职务上的；实用的
21 extension n.伸张，伸展，扩大
22 undue a.过度的， 过分的
23 concrete a./n./vt.具体的， 有形的；混凝土；使凝固
24 conquer vt./vi.征服，战胜；得胜，胜利
25 error n.错误，谬误
26 correction n. 改正，纠正
27 sterile a.不生育的，不结果实的，贫瘠的
28 prolong vt.延长，拉长
29 technician n.技术员， 技术专家
(
30 junction n.连接，结合；
31 technologist n.工艺学家；技术专家
32 loose a.松的，宽的；放荡的
33 universal a.宇宙的， 全世界的；普遍的
34 specialist n.专家
35 dynamo n.发电机； 精力；精力充沛的人
36 nourishment n.滋补品， 营养品
37 proof n.证据，证明
38 safeguard vt./n.保卫，保护
39 uniqueness n.独一无二
40 possess vt.具有，拥有
词组： phrases
1 to pull down 拆除；推翻
2 to mistake …for 错把 … 当作 … .
3 to distinguish between 分辨，区分
4 to come to terms (with)达成协议；妥协，习惯于
5 to end in 以 … 告终
6 to reflect on 仔细考虑，反思
7 to come about 发生
8 to turn loose 放开，释放
9 to enable …to 使 … 能够 …
10 respect for 对 … 的尊严
11 to make over (财产) 转让，移交； 改造，重做
12 to speculate on 思索，推测，猜测
access to 接近，进入(的方法， 机会，权力等)
词汇精讲:
1. persist: vi.坚持，固执；持续，存留
派生词： persistent a.坚持的， 一贯的
用法： persist in 坚持做某事
e.g. If you persist in breaking the law, you will go to prison.如果你坚持违法的话， 就得进监狱。
注意区别：insist on 坚持做某事
2. vital ：a. 生命的； 有生命力的； 极其重要的
e.g. The heart is a vital organ. 心脏是维持生命所必需的器官。
It is vital that you get the form sent off by the twenty- third of this month.
你务必将那张表在本月23号前寄出。
注意：vital = essential 用于 It is vital that +从句 句型中 that 从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，形式
是 ：(should) +动词原形。
3. evaluate ：vt.估价，评价
派生词： evaluation n.估价，评估
e.g. We shall need to evaluate how the new material stands up to wear and tear.
我们必须对新材料的耐磨损性进行评估。
4. ultimate ：a.最后的， 最终的
e.g. We don't know the ultimate result.我们不知道最终的结局。
His ultimate goal is too distant and shadowy to obtain.
(
他的最终目标太遥远， 又太模糊，难以实现。
The ultimate responsibility lies with the headmaster.根本责任在校长身上。
5. undue : a. 过度的， 过分的
e. g. It's difficult to find a way of spreading information about the disease without causing undue alarm.
很难找到一种方式发布有关疾病的消息而不引起不应有的恐慌。
6. conquer： v.征服，战胜
e.g. Man can conquer nature. 人定胜天。
It is very difficult to conquer the cigarette habit .烟很难戒掉。
He dreamed of conquering hostility by love.他曾想用爱战胜敌对。
7. proof: n.证据，证明，
派生词： prove v.证据，证明
e.g. Keep your receipt as proof of purchase.保留你的发票作为购买凭证。
8. possess ：vt.拥有，具有
派生词： possession n.拥有；
e.g. He never possessed much money, but he always possessed good health.
他从未拥有过很多金钱，但他总是享有健康的身体。
The technician possesses precious data.技术员掌握了珍贵的数据资料。
词组 phrases
1. to pull down:拆除；推翻
e.g. They pulled down the warehouse to build a new supermarket.
他们拆除了仓库来建一个新的超市。
All the building constructed illegally must be pulled down.一切非法建筑物都必须拆除。
2. to mistake … for:错把 … 当作
e.g. I mistake you for your brother.我错把你当作你的兄弟了。
3. to distinguish between：分辨， 区分
e.g. People who cannot distinguish between colors are said to be colorblind.
不能辨别颜色的人被称为色盲。
The twins look so much alike that it is difficult to distinguish between them.
两个双胞胎如此相似， 以至于很难区分他们。
4. to come to terms (with):达成协议；妥协，习惯于
e.g. You need to come to terms with reality.你必须接受现实。
They came to terms with the enemy secretly.他们私自和敌人达成了协议。
When your friends quarrel with each other, you should help them come to terms.
当你的朋友吵架时，你应该帮助他们和解。
5. to reflect on :仔细考虑，反思
e.g. I need time to reflect on your offer.我需要时间来考虑你的建议。
We must reflect carefully on the effect of TV violence on children.
我们必须仔细考虑电视中暴力行为对儿童的影响。
6. to come about :发生
e.g. Can you tell me how the accident came about?你能告诉我事故是怎么发生的吗？
Good books come about as a result of hard work. 好书的产生是努力工作的结果。
7. to make over : (财产)转让，移交；改造
e.g. His wealth was made over to his children.他的财产被移交给了他的孩子。
He has been made over into a new man.他已经完全改变成了另一个人。
(
8 to speculate on 思索，推测，猜测
e.g. A spokesperson declined to speculate on the cause of the train crash.
发言人拒绝对火车失事原因进行猜测。
课文详解：
The Computer and The Poet
The essential problem of man in a computerized age remains the same as it has always been. That
problem is not solely how to be more productive, more comfortable, more content, but how to be more
sensitive, more sensible, more proportionate, more alive. The computer makes possible a marvelous leap in
human proficiency; it pulls down the fences around the practical and even the theoretical intelligence.①
man 前面没加任何惯词的时候就是人类。
men (复数)
human being ( s )
the race
age (年龄、年代、时代)；era (同意词)
not solely 相当于 not only..but. . (不仅 …而且 … )
how to (并列结构)
1.句中 makes possible a marvelous leap in human proficiency 是 VCO 结构，其中 a marvelous leap in
human proficiency 是宾语， 由于宾语较长，因此把宾补 possible 提到了前面。
SVOC 主、谓、宾、宾补。
VCO (宾语和宾补进行倒置)
计算机使人类进步发生飞跃的变化；它在实际上乃至理论上扫除制约人类智能发展的障碍。课
文第一句译文：人类在计算机化时代所面临的根本问题一如既往。这个问题不仅仅是要提高生产力
(如何更有成效)，使人们更舒适、更满足，而且是怎样才能更有情感、更理智、更均衡、更有活力。
But the question persists and indeed grows whether the computer will make it easier or harder for
human beings to know who they really are, to identity their real problems, to respond more fully to beauty,
to place adequate value on life, and to make their world safer than it now is. ②
2.句中 whether 后面一直到句子结尾都是 question 的同位语从句，为了避免头重脚轻，谓语persists
and indeed grows 提前，插在了主语 question 和其同位语之间。在 whether 从句中，make it easier or
harder for human beings to … 是一个 VOC 结构，it 是形式宾语，真正的宾语是并列的五个不定式短语。
但是，涉及到人类对自身的认识，对实际存在的问题的辨别，对美的更充分的理解，
对怎样给生活更充分的价值，怎样使人类世界比现在更安全等方面，计算机给人类带来的
究竟是更大的便利还是更多的困难， 这个问题依然存在，而且变得日益严重。
例： My brother is often late for school while my sister rarely is.
Electronic brains can reduce the profusion of dead ends involved in vital research. But they can' t
eliminate the foolishness and decay that come from the unexamined life. Nor do they connect a man to the
things he has to be connected to - the reality of pain in others; the possibilities of creative growth in himself;
the memory of the race; and the rights of the next generation③
3.本句是以否定词 nor 开头的部分倒装句，所以主谓倒装，在主语前加了助动词 do。句中"hehas
to be connected to "是 things 的定语从句。破折号后面的四个名词短语是对 things 的补充说明。
电脑也不能把人和应该与人有关系的事情联系起来。例如，别人的痛苦的
(
现实、提高自身创造力的可能性、人类的记忆、以及下一代人的权利等等。
The reason these matters are important in a computerized age is that there may be a tendency to
mistake data for wisdom, just as there has always been a tendency to confuse logic with values, and
intelligence with insight. ④
4.句中"these matters are important in a computerized age"是省略了关系副词 why 的定语从句，修
饰 the reason 。在 reason, way 等词后的定语从句一般都可省去连接词。本句的谓语是 is ，表语是 that
引导的表语从句； just as 引导了方式状语从句， 正如 … 一样。 "tendency"后的不定式是它的定语。
confuse …with … (把什么和什么混淆)
在计算机化时代，上述这些问题之所以重要是因为人们可能倾向于把数据误认为智慧，
正如人们总是倾向于把逻辑与价值相混淆，把智能与洞察力混为一谈一样。
Easy and convenient access to facts can produce unlimited good only if it is matched by the desire and
ability to find out what they mean and where they would lead. ⑤
5.本句的主语是 access , 这个名词后边可以跟介词短语 to 表示接触的对象。在 if 从句中，
it 指代的是 access，they 指代 facts , to find out what they mean and where they would lead 为 desire
and ability 的定语。
方便快捷地获得信息， 只有在人们有愿望和能力搞清这些信息意味着什么和会把人们
引向何方时，才能够给人带来无限的好处。
match (当动词讲时是相配、相符。)
例： match maker (配对的人，来牵线搭桥的人。)
Facts are terrible things if left spreading and unexamined. ⑥ They are too easily regarded as evaluated
certainties rather than as the rawest of raw materials crying to be processed into the texture of logic. It
requires a very unusual mind, Whitehead said, to undertake the analysis of a fact. The computer can
provide a correct number, but it may be an irrelevant number until judgment is pronounced.
if+过去分词
6.句中"if left spreading and unexamined "是过去分词加连接词的形式，在句中作条件状语，相当
于 if they are left spreading and unexamined 的省略形式。
信息如果任其泛滥，不加审核，那是可怕的事情。
be regarded as … (被认为)
cry to do something (迫切需要... )
To the extent, then, that man fails to distinguish between the intermediate operations of electronic
intelligence and the ultimate responsibilities of human decision, the computer could prove a digression. ⑦
7.句中 that 引导的是同位语从句，作 the extent 的同位语，表示"在 … 的程度上" ，"在 … 的情况下
" ；fail to do sth.表示"不能做某事，无法做某事"。
between A and B (名词短语)
因此，在人们不能区别电子智能的这种中间运算与人们决策最终责任的情况下，
计算机可能反而是一种节外生枝。
It could obscure man's awareness of the need to come to terms with himself. It may foster the illusion
that he is asking fundamental questions when actually he is asking only functional ones. ⑧It may be
regarded as a substitute for intelligence instead of an extension of it. It may promote undue confidence in
concrete answers. "If we begin with certainties." Bacon said, " we shall end in doubts but if we begin with
doubts, and we are patient with them, we shall end in certainties."
It may … (他有可能)
foster (形容词- 收养的； 动词-造成)
8.that 引导 illusion 的同位语从句。 ones 指 questions
(
当人们实际只提出功能性问题时，计算机可能使人造成这样的错觉：他们提出的是
根本性的问题。
The computer knows how to conquer error, but before we lose ourselves in celebrating the victory, we
might reflect on the great advances in the human situation that have come about because men were
challenged by error and would not stop thinking and exploring until they found better approaches for
dealing with it. ⑨
lose oneself in (沉湎于，热衷于)
9.本句的主句是but 连接的并列句：The computer knows how to conquer error 和 we might reflect on
the great advances in the human situation。其中"that have come … 到句尾"是一个定语从句，修饰"the
great advances"；在这个定语从句中，带有because 引导的原因状语从句，原因状语从句中又套有一
个 until 引导的时间状语从句。
计算机知道如何战胜错误，但是在我们沉醉于庆祝这一成就前， 我们也许应该深思，
人类以往所取得的巨大进步都是因为人们受到错误挑战并且不断地思考与探索，直到找到
对付错误的更好的办法。
"Give me a good fruitful error, full of seeds, bursting with its own corrections," Ferris Greenslet wrote,
"You can keep your sterile truth for yourself."
burst (动词-充满、炸裂)
The biggest single need in computer technology is not for increased speed, or enlarged capacity, or
prolonged memory, or reduced size, but for better questions and better use of the answers. Without taking
anything away from the technicians, we think it might be fruitful to effect some sort of junction between
the computer technologist and the poet. ⑩
not for
but for … (而是)
effect (名词-效果、影响；动词-产生)
10.effect 在句中作动词，意思是"实现， 进行，产生 … 的结果"。句中 without 后面要用动名词。
本句的意思是：我们认为，在不使技术人员丧失任何东西的情况下，计算机技术人员与诗人之间实
现某种结合可能更富有成效。
A genuine purpose may be served by turning loose the wonders of the creative imagination on the
kinds of problems being put to electronic technology. (11)
11.句中"to serve a purpose"满足某一目的； being put to electronic technology 是被动的过去分词短
语，作 problems 的后置定语。
本句的意思是：通过在由电子技术解决的问题上充分发挥创造性想像的神奇力量，计算机的真
正目的可以实现。
The company of poets may enable the men who tend the machines to see a wider range of possibilities
than technology alone may inspire. (12)
tend (动词--照料)
enable...to …
12.句中宾语"the men"后带有一个who 引导的定语从句。
诗人的参与能使计算机使用者看到比技术自身所能产生更宽广的应用可能性。
A poet, said Aristotle, has the advantage of expressing the universal; the specialist expresses only the
particular. (13) The poet, moreover, can remind us that man's greatest energy comes not from his dynamos
but from his dreams. But the quality of a man's dreams can only be a reflection of his subconscious. What
he puts into his subconscious, therefore, is quite literally the most important nourishment in the world.
the+形容词； the universal 普遍
(
13.the universal 和 the particular.都是 the +形容词， 表示一类人或事物。
全句的大意是：亚里士多德说过，诗人擅长表达普遍，而专家只能表达个别。
Nothing really happens to a man except as it is registered in the subconscious . This is where event and
feeling become memory and where the proof of life is stored. The poet - and we use the term to include all
those who have respect for and speak to the human spirit - can help to supply the subconscious with
material to enhance its sensitivity, thus safeguarding it. The poet, too, can help to keep man from making
himself over in the image of his electronic wonders. For the danger is not so much that man will be
controlled by the computer as that he may imitate it. (14)
unless (除了 … 以外)
This is where …/where … (表语从句)
keep …from (使 … 不能 … )
not so …as
14.For 作连词用时，可与上句呼应，承上启下，以提供对上文的因果解释。句中"not so much …as"
是比较级的否定形式，进行比较的是两个由 that 引导的从句，表示的意思是"与其说 … 不如说 … "或"
不是 …而是 … "。
由于人类被计算机控制的危险固然存在，但人类若模仿计算机改造人类自身， 则更可怕。
The poet reminds men of their uniqueness. It is not necessary to possess the ultimate definition of this
uniqueness. Even to speculate on it is a gain. (15)
15.to speculate on it 是不定式作主语。其中 it 指代上句的 uniqueness
gain
这种独特性最终如何定义无关紧要， 但即使思考一下这个问题也会是得益非浅的。
Text B Changes to Come in U.S Education
New Words
1 infrastructure n.基础；(社会的，国家的)基础结构(如教育，运输，通讯等设施)
2 kindergarten n.幼儿园
nursery school (面向2~5岁的孩子)
3 postgraduate a. 大学毕业后的，大学研究院的
n.研究生
post (前缀--后)
pre (前缀--前)
4 scarce a. 1 ．[一般用作表语]缺乏的， 不足的； 2．稀有的，珍贵的
5 expansion n.扩张；膨胀
expand (动词)
6 enrol(l)ment n. 1．登记， 接收，招生； 2．招收人数，入学人数
enroll (动词)
7 secondary a. 1 ．第二位的，次要的； 2．中等的
(
8 upheaval n. 1．胀起 ，(地壳) 的隆起； 2．剧变， 动乱
9 bus(s)ing n. 公共汽车接送； [美]用校车接送学生
10 accountability n.有解释义务；负有责任
account (动词-叙述、报道)
accountant (名词-会计员、会计师)
11 promotion n. 1．促进； 2．提升
12 diploma([复] diplomas 或 diplomata) n. 1．执照， 特许证； 2．毕业文凭，学位证书
13 award vt.授予，判给
n. 1．判定； 2．奖，奖品
14 sociology n.社会学
15 establishment n. 1．建立， 创办； 2．机构
16 journalism n. 1 ．新闻业；2 ．[总称]报刊； 3．新闻学
journalist (新闻工作者)
17 humanistic a.人文主义的，人本主义的，人道主义的
18 perspective n. 1．透视， 透视画法； 2．远景， 展望； 3．观点， 看法
19 integrate vt.使结合， 使并入；使成一体(into)
vi.与 … 结合起来；成一体(into)
20 unconventional a.非常规的，不落俗套的
convention (名词-惯例、常规)
unconventional (形容词)
21 diversity n. 多样性
diverse (形容词)
22 rote n. 1 ．死记硬背； 2．机械的方法
23 permissive a. 1 ．容许的，许可的； 2．随意的，开放的
permit (动词)
24 progressive a. 1 ．进步的，先进的； 2．渐次的，累进的
progress (名词/动词-进步)
25 prescribe vt. 1．指示， 规定； 2．开处方，开药
26 schoolhouse n. (小学或乡村学校)校舍
27 route n.路线；航线
28 infiltrate vt./vi. 渗入，透过；浸润
29 economics[复] n. [用作单或复] 1 ．经济学；2．经济情况，经济
30 chip n. 1．片屑， 切屑； 2 ．(食物) 薄片； 3．电子集成电路片，(计算机)芯片
31 tier n. 1．排层； 2．等级
32 undergraduate n. (尚未取得学位的)大学生
a.大学生的
Phrases and Expressions
1 on the contrary 相反地
2 as for 对于，至于
as to (同义词组)
3 demand for 对 … 的要求
4 to go to law against [俗]控告某人
5 to go along with 1 ． 和 …一起2．赞成， 附和
6 to shy away from 躲开，回避；
(
7 to learn by rote 由熟记而学某事
8 to disagree about 对 …意见不一
( to agree about )对 …意见一致
重点词汇：
1.scarce: a.缺乏的， 不足的；稀有的，珍贵的
e.g. Firewood is scarce in many parts of the world.世界上很多地区都缺乏木材。
Scarce resources should be used sensibly.稀有资源的使用应该合理。
2. expansion: n.扩张，膨胀
派生词： expand v.扩张，膨胀
e.g. Expansion into new areas of research is possible.扩展到新的研究领域是有可能的。
3.promotion: n.促进；提升
派生词： promote v.促进，提升
e.g. As part of their sales promotion they're giving away a free pair of socks with each holiday.
作为促销的一部分，他们每个假日都免费赠送一双袜子。
4. award : vt. / n.授予，给予，判给
e.g. He was awarded his damages by the court .法院判给他损失赔偿费。
reward 意思是"报答，报应，报偿"。而且 reward 后面一般要加with。
e.g. He was rewarded with $10000.他被奖励10000美元。
5.integrate v.使结合， 使并入，使成为一体
e.g. It's very difficult to integrate yourself into a society whose culture is so different from your own.
使你自己融入一个完全不同的文化非常困难。
6.diversity n. 多样性
e.g. Does television adequately reflect the ethnic and cultural diversity of the country ?
电视能充分反应这个国家种族和文化上的多样性吗？
7.permissive adj.容许的， 许可的，随意的，开放的
e.g. He claims that society has been far too permissive towards drug taking.
他认为社会对吸毒太放纵了。
8.prescribe vt.指示，规定，开处方， 开药
e.g. The law prescribes that all children must go to school.
法律规定所有的儿童必须上学。
Painkillers have been prescribed for me.
医生给我开了止痛药。
9.route n..路线，航线
e.g. I live on a bus route so I can easily get to work.
我家就在一条公共汽车线路上，所以我去上班很方便。
词组： phrases
1.on the contrary :相反地
e.g. It doesn't seem ugly to me; on the contrary, I think it's rather beautiful.
我觉得它并不丑；恰恰相反，它很美。
2.demand for :对 … 的要求， 对 … 的需求
e.g. The workers' demands for higher pay were refused by the employers.
工人提高工资的要求遭到雇主的拒绝。
3.to go along with :和 …一起
e.g. He has decided to go along with his father.他决定跟着父亲走。
(
重点句子
Changes to Come in U.S Education
The biggest "infrastructure" challenge for the United States in the next decade is not the billions
needed for railroads, highways and energy. It Is the American school system, from kindergarten through the
Ph.D. program and the postgraduate education of adults . And it requires something far scarcer than money -
thinking and risk-taking.
The challenge is not one of expansion. On the contrary, the rapid growth in enrollment over the last 40
years has come to an end. ⑴
1.on the contrary, "相反地"
注意本句的时态:用的是现在完成时, 因为有一个明显的时间状语 over the last 40 years .
译：相反，在过去的40年中，学校的在校人数迅速增加的局面已经结束。
By 1978, more than 93 percent of young people entering the labor force had at least an eighth-grade
education. So even if the birthrate should rise somewhat, little expansion is possible for elementary and
secondary school enrollments.
The last 30 years of social upheaval are also over. Busing will continue to be a highly emotional issue
in a good many large cities . And there will still be efforts to use schools to bring women into fields such as
engineering that have traditionally been considered " made." But this shift has already been accomplished in
many fields: half or more of the accounting students in graduate schools of business, for example, are now
women.
As for most other social issues, the country will no longer try to use schools to bring about social
reform.⑵
2. as for 至于，关于 bring about:带来,产生
译：至于大部分其他社会问题，美国将不再设法使用学校来促进社会改革。
It' s becoming increasingly clear to policy makers that schools cannot solve all the problems of the
larger community. ⑶
3. it 是形式主语， that 引导主语从句
译：学校不能解决更大社区里的所有问题，这一点政策制定者愈来愈清楚了。
Instead, the battle cry for the '90s will be the demand for performance and accountability. ⑷
4. battle cry 呐喊 performance 表现，表演
本句的意思是:相反,90年代的强烈要求是人的表现和责任心.
For 30 years, employers have been hiring graduates for their degrees rather than their abilities;
5.hire (动词)
rather than 的意思是"而不是"。注意本句时态用了现在完成进行时。
译： 30年来，雇主们一直看重学位而不是能力来雇用毕业生。
employment pay and often even promotion have depended on one's diploma. Now many major
employers are beginning to demand more than the completion of school. Some of the major banks, for
example, are studying the possibility of entrance examinations that would test the knowledge and abilities
of graduates applying for jobs.
Students and parents, too, will demand greater accountability from schools, on all levels. It will be
increasingly common to go to law against school districts and colleges for awarding degrees without
imparting the skills that are supposed to go along with them. ⑹
6. to go to law against … for 意为： "为 … 而控告"
(
that 引导定语从句修饰 skills，意为： "应该和这些学位一起获得的技能"
译：学校如果只授予学位而不能培养出与学位相符的技能，人们将会向法院起诉学校，
这种做法将会愈来愈普遍。
And many young people are already switching to practical " hard" subjects. Caring little about the
so- called "youth culture" and the media, they have been shifting from psychology into medicine, from
sociology into accounting and from black studies into computer programming. ⑺
7.译：他们对所谓的"青年文化"和媒体不太感兴趣，正在逐步地由心理学转到医学，
由社会学转到会计学， 由黑人问题研究转到计算机程序设计，等等。
Demand for education is actually going up, not down. What is going down, and fairly fast, is demand
for traditional education in traditional schools.
Indeed, the fastest growing industry in America today may be the continuing professional education of
highly schooled adults. Much of it takes place outside the education establishment- through companies,
hospitals and government departments that run courses for managerial and professional employees ; or
through management associations and trade associations.
In the meantime, any number of private enterprises are organizing courses, producing training films
and tapes and otherwise taking advantage of growth opportunities that universities shy away from. ⑻
8. in the meantime "同时"
otherwise 在此是副词，意为： "以其他方式" take advantage of "利用"
that 引导定语从句修饰 opportunities
译：与此同时，一些私人企业也组织教学课程，制作培训用的电影和磁带以及以其他方式利用
一些
大学避而不用的发展机会。
The demand for continuing education does not take the from that most observers, including this writer,
originally expected- namely, "Great Books" classes for adults wanting to learn abort the humanities, the arts,
the "life of the mind." We face instead a growing demand for advanced professional education: in
engineering and medicine, in accounting and journalism, in law and in administration and management.
Yet the adults who come back for such studies also demand what teachers of professional subjects are
so rarely able to supply: a humanistic perspective that can integrate advanced professional and technical
knowledge into a broader universe of experience and learning.
Since these new students also need unconventional hours - evenings, weekends or high-intensity
courses that stuff a term's work into two weeks- their demands for learning bring a vague but real threat to
the school establishment. ⑼
9.stuff (名词-东西、材料；动词-填满)
that stuff a term's work into two weeks 定语从句修饰 high-intensity courses 意为： "把一学期
课程压缩到两周内学完的高强化班"
译：由于这些新型学生还要求非常规的学习时间 - 晚上、周末或把一学期课程压缩到两周内
学完的高强化班 -所以他们的学习要求给学校机构带来了难以言状， 但又确实存在的威胁。
The greatest challenge to education is likely to come from our new opportunities for diversity.We now
have the chance to apply the basic finding for diversity. We now have the chance to apply the basic findings
of psychological, developmental and educational research over the last 100years; namely, that no one
educational method fits all children.
Almost all children are capable of attaining the same standards within a reasonable period of time. All
but a few babies, for instance, learn to walk by the age of two and to talk by the age of three,but no two get
there quite the same way.
(
So too at higher levels. Some children learn best by rote, in structured environments with high
certainty and strict discipline. ⑽
10.to learn best by rote 意为：死记硬背地学习，由熟记而学某事
structured 是形容词，意为：有组织的，有条理的
译：有些孩子在非常稳定、纪律严格、结构严谨的环境里靠死记硬背能达到最佳学习效果。
Others gain success in the less structured " permissive" atmosphere of a " progressive" school. Some
adults learn out of books, some learn by doing, some learn best by listening.
Some students need prescribed daily doses of information;⑾
11. prescribed daily doses of information 是比喻的说法，
译：有些学生需要老师像医生开药一样每天给他们规定一定量的信息。
others need challenge and a high degree of responsibility for the design of their own work. But for too
long, teachers have insisted that there is one best way to teach and learn, even though they have disagreed
about what that way is. ⑿
12.that 引导宾语从句， even though 引导让步状语从句，
disagree about 意见不合，有分歧
译：但长期以来，尽管老师们对什么是最好的教学方法存在分歧，却坚持认为只有一种最好的
教学方法。
A century ago, the greatest majority of Americans lived in communities so small that only one one
-room schoolhouse was within walking distance of small children. Then there had to be "one right method"
for everybody to learn.
Today the great majority of pupils in the UnitedState( and all developed countries) live in big cities
with such density that there can easily be three or four elementary schools - as well as secondary schools
within each child's walking or bicycling distance. This enables students and their parents to choose between
alternative routes to learning offered by competing schools .
Indeed, competition and choice are already beginning to infiltrate the school system. Private schools
and colleges have shown an unusual ability to survive and develop during a period of rising costs and
dropping enrollments elsewhere. All this present, of course, a true threat to the public school establishment.
But economics, student needs and our new understanding of how people learn are bound to break the
traditional education monopoly just as trucks and airplanes broke the monopoly of railroads, and computers
and "chips" are breaking the telephone monopoly.⒀
13.be bound (bind 的过去分词) to (必然)
bind (动词--绑)
该句的主语是 economics, student needs and our new understanding，其中 economics 应该理解
为"经济因素"。
to break the monopoly 意为： "打破垄断"
just as 引导方式状语从句
译：但是经济因素、学生的需要以及我们对如何学习的新观点都必然要打破传统教育的垄断，
正如卡车和飞机打破了铁路的垄断、计算机与芯片正在打破电话的垄断一样。
In the next 1 0 or 15 years we will almost certainly see strong pressures to make schools responsible
for thinking through what kind of learning methods are appropriate for each child.
We will almost certainly see great pressure, from parents and students alike, for result-focused
education and for accountability in meeting objectives set for individual students. ⒁
14.result (名词--结果、效果)
focus (动词--集中)
(
accountability in 意为： "在 …方面的责任感 "
set for individual students 过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 objectives 为各个学生制定的目标
本句难理解的难点主要在介词和名词的搭配： great pressure … from … for … and for
译：我们几乎肯定还会遇到来自父母及学生同样巨大的压力，要求讲究教育实效，要认真
负责地实现为各个学生制定的教育目标。
The continuing professional education of highly educated adults will become a third tier in addition to
undergraduate and professional or graduate work. Above all, attention will shift back to schools and
education as the central capital investment and infrastructure of a "knowledge society."
补充语法知识
并列结构：在一些长句子里，经常出现并列结构， 如：不定式的并列、
动名词或名词短语的并列、介词短语的并列等等。掌握这些结构有利于
长句的理解。要注意的是不能把不同类的词或短语并列或平行使用。
例如：
1.That problem is not solely how to be more productive, more comfortable, more content, but how to
be more sensitive, more sensible, more proportionate, more alive.
不定式的并列
2.But the question persists and indeed grows whether the computer will make it easier or harder for
human beings to know who they really are, to identity their real problems, to respond more fully to beauty,
to place adequate value on life, and to make their world safer than it now is.
不定式的并列
3 .Nor do they connect a man to the things he has to be connected to - the reality of pain in others; the
possibilities of creative growth in himself; the memory of the race; and the rights of the next generation
名词短语的并列
4 .The biggest single need in computer technology is not for increased speed, or enlarged capacity, or
prolonged memory, or reduced size, but for better questions and better use of the answers.
介词短语的并列
Unit 15练习
一、词汇英译汉：
1. solely 2. content 3. sensible 4. persist 5. vital
6. logic 7. evaluate 8. raw 9. ultimate 10.functional
11. extension 12. undue 13. concrete 14. conquer 15. error
16. prolong 17. technician 18. proof 19. possess
to pull down . to mistake …for . to distinguish between . to come to terms with
.to end in . to reflect on . to come about . to speculate on
二、句子英译汉：
1.Electronic brains can reduce the profusion of dead ends involved in vital research. (para.2)
2.Nor do they connect a man to the things he has to be connected to - the reality of pain in others .
3 . The reason these matters are important in a computerized age is that there may be a tendency to
mistake data for wisdom. (para. 3)
4.For the danger is not so much that man will be controlled by the computer as that he may imitate it.
(
(Para. 9)
5.6.7.8.补充语法知识中的四个并列结构的句子
三、汉译英
1.计算机将人类带入了一个新时代
Computers have taken human beings into a new era.
The computer has brought man into a new age .
2.电脑能帮助解决生命研究中的许多问题。
Electronic brains can help to solve many problems involved in vital researches.
3.亚里士多德说过，诗人擅长描绘共性而专家只长于某一特性。
Aristotle said a poet has the advantage of describing the universal while a specialist is good at
expressing only the particular.
4.现在有一种倾向，将计算机里的数据错当成智慧。
Now there is a tendency to mistake data in a computer for wisdom.
5.计算机在工业领域的应用使生产效率发生了惊人的变化。
The use of computers in industry has brought about remarkable changes in productivity.
The application of computer in the industrial fields has resulted in surprising changes in productivity.
历年考题： 1.In education, there should be a good balance among the branches of knowledge that
contributes _____ effective thinking and wise judgment. (00.10)
A.at
B.in
C.for
D.to
答案： D 。 考点：本题主要考查词组 contribute to "有助于 … "
译文： 在教育方面，应当在知识的各个分支上有一个较好的平衡，它有助于有效思考和明智判
断。
2.All the characteristics that distinguish birds _____ other animals can be traced to prehistoric times .
(02.4)
A.to
B. between
C.for
D.from
答案： D 。 本题主要考查词组 distinguish … from "从 … 区别出"。
译文：所有把鸟类和其他动物区分开的特征可以追溯到史前年代。
3 .It is becoming increasingly clear to policy-makers ______ schools cannot solve all the problems of
the larger community. (02.10)
A. that
B. what
C. when
D. who
答案： A 。 考点： 本句是一个主语从句， 因此要填 that。
译文： 学校不能解决更大社区里的所有问题，这一点政策制定者愈来愈清楚了。
4 .The continuing professional education of ______(high) educated adults will become a third tier in
addition to undergraduate and professional or graduate work. (01.04)
答案：highly 本题主要考点：副词一般用于修饰动词、形容词、副词。句中 educated 相当于形
(
容词，所以要用副词修饰。
译文： 在本科教育、专职和研究生教育之后还有高等学历成人的继续职业教育，这是第三种教
育。
5.In some big cities in America, there are three or four elementary schools and secondary schools,
________.
A. with each within one's walking or bicycling distance.
B. each within one's walking or bicycling distance.
C. it is within one's walking or bicycling distance.
D. with each that is within one's walking or bicycling distance.
答案： B
本题主要考点：主句是 there be 存在句型，A 、D 两项不能选， C 缺少连接词，
B 项是名词+介词 独立主格结构,其中 each 指代"每所学校"，
one's 是动名词的逻辑主语。
译文：美国的大城市中，有三到四所中小学，每所学校都很近，学生可以步行或骑自行车上学。
Unit 15 课后单元自测
I.Word Spelling
1.跳跃，飞跃 n. l _ _ _
2.生命的， 极其重要的 a. v _ _ _ _
3.坚持 v. p _ _ _ _ _ _
4.征服，战胜 v. c _ _ _ _ _ _
5.普遍的 a. u _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
6.延长 v. p _ _ _ _ _ _
7.保护，捍卫 v. s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8.拥有 v. p _ _ _ _ _ _
9.技术员 n. t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
10.模糊的， 难解的 a. o _ _ _ _ _ _
11.真正的， 真实的 a. g _ _ _ _ _ _
12.确定性 n. c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
13.分析 n. a _ _ _ _ _ _ _
14.生的，未加工的 a. r _ _
15.信心 n. c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
16.次要的 a. s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
17.使结合 v. i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
18.路线，航线 n. r _ _ _ _
19.经济学 n. e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
20.学生，瞳孔 n. p _ _ _ _
Ⅱ.Word Form
1.Computer may____(regard) as a substitute for intelligence instead of an extension of it.
2.Electronic brains can reduce the profusion of dead ends____(involve) in vital research.
3.Facts are terrible things if left____(spread).
4.The number may be an irrelevant number until judgment____(pronounce).
5."Give me a good fruitful error, full of seeds,____(burst) with its own corrections,"Ferris Greenslet
wrote,"You can keep your sterile truth for yourself."
(
6.The poet can help supply the subconscious with material____(enhance) its sensitivity.
7.They are actually the____(raw) of raw materials crying to be processed into the texture of logic.
8.Man may fail____(distinguish) between the intermediate operations of electronic intelligence and
the ultimate responsibilities of human decision.
9 .The fastest____(grow) industry in America today may be the continuing professional education of
highly schooled adults.
10.For 30 years, employers____(hire) graduates for their degrees rather than their abilities.
Ⅲ.Vocabulary and Structure
1.But the question persists ____the computer will make it easier or harder for human beings to know
who they really are.
[A] when [B] how
[C] why [D] whether
2.There may be a tendency to mistake data ____wisdom, just as there has always been a tendency to
confuse logic ____values.
[A] with with [B] for for
[C] with for [D] for with
3.It may be regarded as a substitute for intelligence ____an extension of it.
[A] instead of [B] except for
[C] as well as [D] such as
4 . It may foster the illusion that man is asking fundamental questions when actually he is asking only
functional____.
[A] one [B] ones
[C] that [D] those
5 . Men were challenged by error and would not stop thinking and exploring ____they found better
approaches for dealing with it.
[A] though [B] while
[C] until [D] otherwise
6.The danger is not ____that man will be controlled by the computer as that he may imitate it.
[A] so many [B] so much
[C] too many [D] too much
7 .The __ _ _ of poets may enable the men to see a wider range of possibilities than technology alone
may inspire.
[A] companion [B] companions
[C] company [D] companies
8.Easy and convenient ____to facts can produce unlimited good.
[A] access [B] advance
[C] advice [D] acceptance
9.It requires a very unusual mind to ____the analysis of a fact.
[A] undergo [B] underlie
[C] undertake [D] undermine
10.The poet can help to keep man from making himself ____in the image of the computer.
[A] out [B] over
[C] up [D] for
Ⅳ.C-E Translation
(
1.计算机可能使人们对具体问题的答案过分自信。
2.人们倾向于把智力和洞察力混为一谈。
3.人们可能意识不到自我接受的必要性。
4.诗人提醒人类注意自身的独特性。
5.对这个问题进行思索就是一个收获。 Unit 15
单元自测答案
I.Word Spelling
1.leap 2.vital 3.persist
4.conquer 5.universal 6.prolong
7.safeguard 8.possess 9.technician
10.obscure 11.genuine 12.certainty
13.analysis 14.raw 15.confidence
16.secondary 17.integrate 18.route
19.economics 20.PupilⅡ.Word Form
1.be regarded 2.involved 3.spreading
4.is pronounced 5.bursting 6.to enhance
7.rawest 8.to distinguish 9.growing
10.have been hiring
Ⅲ.Vocabulary and Structure
1.D 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.C
6.B 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.B
Ⅳ.C-E Translation
1.The computer may promote undue confidence in concrete answers.
2 . There is a tendency to confuse intelligence with insight. / Men tend to confuse intelligence with
insight.
3.Men may not realize the need to come to terms with themselves.
4.The poet reminds men of their uniqueness.
5.To speculate on this question is a gain.
附录一： 试题中五个部分(完型填空、词形变化、阅读理解、英汉互译)应试技巧
一、完型填空(Cloze Test)应试技巧
完型填空是测试考生语篇理解能力和词汇运用能力的一种综合手段。做完型填空题，考生必须
具有扎实的语法基础、比较牢固的词汇基础以及良好的语感。
1.做题步骤
1)通览全篇，分文体， 定结构，知大意。
做完型填空题，答题的关键在于准确理解短文的大意。要做到这一点，就要分清文章的文体与
(
行文结构.本题的短文多为说明文或议论文，结构较紧凑，往往开门见山地提出主题，然后逐点说明
或评议， 最后小结。所以做题前应浏览全篇，重点是首段、尾段以及每段的首句、尾句。
2)初选答案，理脉络， 顾前后，忌恋战。
在掌握文章大意的基础上，根据上下文所提供的搭配、结构、语义等线索来初选答案。初选时，
要着眼空格所在的完整句子，瞻前顾后，重点解决与结构、搭配有关的小题。对于个别词汇的考题，
如果一时难以抉择，不要恋战，而是继续往下进行，往往进行到下文，对前边的问题就会有了主意。
3)复读全文，核答案， 句通顺，意要畅
题目做完后，要通读"完型"后的全文， 核查自己所选的答案能否使文章连贯，语法正确。如果
你发现你所选的某个答案放在句中读起来很别扭， 那么你的语感在提醒你对此答案要三思。
2.判断技巧
做完型填空题时，在遵循以上三个步骤的同时，还要注意解题思路或技巧。
1)搭配判断法
根据对以往考试的分析，搭配型题目在完型填空题中占的比例最重。搭配型问题主要测试常见
搭配的熟练程度， 比如说哪些词要搭配不定式、动名词或某种从句，哪些词必须与某个介词搭配。
我们在复习时要特别注意短语动词和介词的固定搭配。
2)结构判断法
结构型问题主要包括句型、句式、连接词的选择等， 解题时要运用句法知识，把握关键词，从
而做出迅速正确的判断。完型填空题目中有很多是利用语法的正确性与逻辑的排斥性间的矛盾来设
计的。因此考生应结合上下文的合理性及意义关系的逻辑性选择最佳答案。完型填空中常考的逻辑
关系主要有：
A.转折、让步 ： 这种关系表明后一种观点或事实与前一种观点或事实相比有些出乎意料。常
见的表示转折、让步的词或词组有：but , still , yet , however, though , although, no matter, in spite of，
anyway, even if ,等。
B. 因果关系： 表原因的连词或词组有： because (of ), due to , owing to , thanks to , since, for , as ,
等。表结果的词或词组有： so , therefore, then , as a result, in consequence, consequently, thus,等。
C.表示递进、补充关系： 这种关系表示对前一事实或观点做进一步阐述。常用的词、词组有：
moreover, likewise, besides, in addition , also , too, not only … but also , apart from , what's more 等。
D.表示对比、比较关系：对比表示观点或事物间的差异性，比较表明观点或事物间的同一性。
表示对比的词或词组有：in contrast, by contrast, on the contrary, conversely, unlike, oppositely 等。表示
比较的词或词组有： like, in comparison , compare … with , as , just as 等。
3)词义判断法
词汇型问题也是完形填空的一个考点，主要测试考生在段落语篇中把握语义连贯性的能力，提
供选择的词可能是近义词、近形词也可能是随意拼凑的四个选项，遇到这类题，既要联系上下文，
又要具有扎实的词汇基础，有时还须根据自己的文化背景知识做出判断。
以上只是在理论上提出的应试建议， 除此之外，还要多做练习， 才能在实践中深刻体会。
二、词形变化( Word Form )应试技巧
1.熟练掌握动词词形变化规律。注意： 动词形式既包括谓语动词的各种形式，如时态、语态及
语气(直陈、虚拟)等，虚拟语气为重点，几年来的考题中都有这方面内容；也包括非谓语动词的
各种形式。所以做动词的词形变化时，首先要搞清楚它在句中是谓语动词还是非谓语动词，然后再
作相应的变化。
2.认真学好并熟悉课文。本题所选用的句子是根据教材中出现的句子编写的，其中多数来自课
文，所以熟悉教材十分重要。
(
3.认真钻研相关的语法讲解。主要指谓语动词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词比较等级、情态动
词、虚拟语气\形容词比较级、最高级，等部分。
动词：动词是考试的重点。主要包括：动词的时态、语态、语气和非谓语动词。
1)动词的时态：重点是动词的过去时、完成时。
So far, Irving ______(live) in New York City for ten years. has lived
Many a writer ofnewspaper articles_______(trun) to writing novels during the past decade. has turned
Some people think relations between people _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( deteriorate) so much that understanding and
friendship are almost impossible . have deteriorated
Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what _______(happen) to her.
had happened
In the past two decades, research _____(expand) our knowledge about sleep and dreams . has
expanded
2)动词的语态：主要掌握各个时态的被动式。
The nations that _______actively ________(involve) in earthquake prediction programs include Japan,
Russia, and the United States. are involved
There __________(estimate) to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Brtain in
1995. were estimated
3)动词的语气：
A.掌握非真实条件句中， 谓语动词在主句和条件句中的虚拟语气形式。
If you had come earlier, you ______ (not miss) the first act of the play.
would not have missed
If it hadn't been for your help, we _____(be) in real trouble.
would have been
B.在表示建议、命令、要求以及表示"重要性"和"紧迫性"等含义的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从
句和同位语从句中，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，由"动词原形"或"should +动词原形"构成。 should 常常
省略
I would recommend that you _______(think) about doing something similar for yourself. (should)
think
It was imperative that students ______(finish) their papers before July 1st .
(should) finish
C.动词 wish 、would rather (sooner) 、if only 、as if 后的虚拟语气。
I would rather he _____(buy) the house next year.
bought (表示从句中动作尚未发生)
She treats me as if I ______ (be) a stranger. were
The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we _____( meet) them before.
had met
If only we ______(have) a phone! I'm tired of waiting outside the public phone box.
D.in case , for fear that , lest 等词后从句的谓语动词为(should) +原形。
He took his umbrella with him lest it _______ (rain.)
(should) rain
E.在 It is (high) time that 从句中谓语动词一般用过去时动词。
It's high time that we _______(take) firm measures to protect our environment . took
F.时间错综条件句，动词的形式要根据表示的时间调整。
如果我们早动身，现在就不会在雨中走了。
(
If we had set out earlier,we wouldn't be walking in the rain.
(从句中动作发生在过去，主句中动作发生在现在。)
4)动词的非谓语动词形式：
A.动词不定式：主要考查动词不定式作定语、宾语、宾语或主语补足语等的用法。还要注意动
词不定式的被动式与完成式。
不定式作定语： If there is no choice, there is no decision ______(make) to be made
不定式作宾语： Robots , already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning
________(see) . to be seen
不定式作宾补 I notice him _______( leave ) the classroom. leave (可省略 to)
不定式作主补： They were often compelled ______(work) twelve or fourteen hours a day.
to work ( 不可省略 to)
We make them (to) work day and night.不定式作宾语补语，在有些动词后可以省略 TO
They are made to work day and night.不定式作主语补语时， 不可省略 TO
B.分词：主要考查分词作定语、状语、宾语补足语的用法。注意现在分词与过去分词的区别。 另
外，还有现在分词的被动式与完成式的形式。
分词作定语：Anyone ______(want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about
robotics. wanting
As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals _ _ _ _ _ ( use) in experiments
may decrease. used
分词作状语： When ______(present) with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems
and production managers see production problems. presented
________ (tell) that some guests were coming , she shopped all morning in the supermarket. Having
been told
Her body, with hands and feet _______(bind) , was discovered by a traveler early in the morning.
bound
分 词做宾补：They may have their passports ______(remove) , making leaving or "escaping" actually
impossible. removed
动名词作宾语： If you cannot understand , ask: " Would you mind ______(rephrase) the question ,
please ?" rephrasing
If we don't start out now, we must risk ______(miss) the train.
missing
形容词副词：
The more time you waste, the _____(easy) it is to continue wasting time.easier
As Jane was the _____(old) , she looked after the other children in the family. eldest
词性转换：
The explorers were puzzled over what to do next because they were in a _____(trick)situation .
trick 是名词或动词，应把它变为形容词tricky
These electric appliances are all similar in construction but each one is _____(specialize) in its
function.
specialize 是动词， 应把它变为形容词 specific 或 special
三、阅读理解(Reading Comprehension)应试技巧
1.两种方法
方法一： 先看文章后做题。主要针对简单易懂的文章，时间又较充裕的情况。
(
方法二：先看题目后读文章再做题。这种方法在时间紧、文章长的情况下更为实用。，这样可以
带着问题去阅读， 文章中的内容与考题有关系时仔细阅读，与题目无关时， 可以置之不理，很快跳
过去。还有一些题目涉及一般常识或科普知识，可以在未阅读文章之前自己先行判断， 在阅读时只
要对自己的判断进行验证就可以了。
2.三个侧重
除了题目本身所要求查找的细节外， 阅读时一定要注意不要逐字逐句地死抠， 而要有所侧重。
1)侧重首段、尾段，首句、尾句、
因为这些部分往往是作者所要谈及的论点、主题或中心思想，抓住了主干， 那么细节问题就会
迎刃而解。
2)侧重语篇标志词。
语篇中句子和句子之间、段落和段落之间就是通过这种词语连接起来的，把握住这些词语就等
于把握了句与句、段与段之间的关系，对于获取所需信息、准确答题至关重要。语篇标志词主要表
示：(1) 例解:如， for instance , for example, (2) 列举(3)比较；(4)转折和对比；(5)原因；(6)结果；
(7)方式手段；(8)时间； (9)地点； (10)目的；(11)分类；(12)补充；(13)强调 ；(14)条件；(15)
结论。
3)侧重长句、难句。
因为英语表达多以冗长著称， 论理性很强的文章更是如此。通过较长的句子来表达复杂的思想
内容， 从而使文章更具有说服力。所以， 我们在阅读时，必须重视长句、难句，认真分析句子，把
握关键。事实上，不少问题就是针对这些长句、难句而设置的。
3.阅读理解题型1)主旨题：
这类问题主要测试考生把握主题与中心思想的能力。主要形式有：
a.The main idea of this passage is ________.
b.The passage mainly discusses ____________.
c.What is the passage primarily concerned about?
d.What is the main topic of this passage?
e.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
f.The best title for this passage might be _________.
作者的态度、写作目的与主题和中心思想关系密切，可以看作主旨题的延伸。主要形式有：
问写作目的：
g.The author writes this passage mainly to _______.
h.The author's purpose in writing this passage is _________.
问态度：
i.The author's attitude towards … is _________.
j.The tone of this passage can be described as ___________.
2)细节题：
这类问题测试考生把握文章细节的能力， 主要与文中的考点相联系，如：最高级、唯一性、其
他对比、数字年代、原因等。主要形式有：
是非题：(三正一误或三误一正)
a.Which of the following is True ?
b.Which of the following is NOT True ?
c.Which of the following is Not mentioned in Paragraph … ?
例证题
a.The author gives an example in Paragraph .. mainly to show that ______.
其他具体细节题
(
From the passage , it can be seen that … .
The main reason for …is
3)推 理 题
这类题主要测试考生能否在理解字面意义的基础上， 根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论，进
而理解文章的隐含意义和深层意义。主要形式有：
A It is implied in the passage that ________.
B The passage implies (suggests) that ________.
C It can be inferred from the passage that _________.
D It can be concluded from the passage that ________.
E Form the passage we can infer (draw the conclusion) that _________.
4)词义题
这类问题主要测试考生使用词语搭配和根据上下文判断词义的能力。主要形式有：
g.The word " … " in line (Paragragh ).. most probably means ______.
h.In paragraph … , the word " … " refers to (stands for) _______.
i.The word " … " in Paragraph … can be best replaced by ________.
词汇题考查的词汇主要是熟词僻义或生词
4.猜字的几种技巧
在阅读过程中，经常会遇到一些生词、难词，考试中又不允许查字典，这就需要利用猜字的技
巧了。通过构词法推测词义是最常用的方法之一，下面重点介绍如何通过上下文线索来猜测词义。 1)
利用词根、词缀构词法
2)直接定义
作者在行文中有时不得不使用某些难词、偏词，为使读者理解， 作者常常会在文章中直接解释
该词语。作者或通过同位语， 或使用定语从句加以阐明，或用冒号、破折号、括号给出，或用语篇
标志词引出，这类语篇标志词有：that is (to say) ; e .g.；or，in other words；to put it in another way 等。
例如： She is bilingual.In other words ，she speaks English and French equally well .
(bilingual：会说两种语言的)。
3)近 义 复 述
同一短文中前后两个句子、短语或单词通常有互释作用，可以从上下文的复述中获取与某一单
词或短语相关的信息以猜测词义。例如：
It is difficult to list all of my father's attributes because he has so many different talents and abilities，
(attribute：特质； 才能)
4)对比和并 列表述
利用上下文中的对比或并列表达猜测词义是最常用、最可靠的方法。有不少句子会在上下文中
给出某个生词 (尤其是偏词、难词) 的同义词或反义词，运用对比或并列表达对这些生词加以提示。
通过了解词与词之间的连接关系，特别是一些语篇标志词，如：however；on the other hand；nevertheless
等，我们不难推断这些生词的词义。如：
If you agree ，write "yes" ；if you dissent ，write "no". (dissent：不同意)
5)根据常识
有些生词看似很难，但根据语境，根据读者的经历或常识，很容易猜出词义。如果所读的材料
是考生熟悉的内容或在自己专业知识范围内，生词就更易化解了。
其实， 猜词的方法并不限于以上这些，大家在阅读中要多动脑筋，善于总结，还能总结出一些
更适合白己的技巧和方法来。
_________.
(
四、汉译英(Translation from Chinese into English)应试技巧
1.事先筹划，再来做题
在翻译每一个句子时，一定要事先筹划： 先要想好译成什么样的英语句子结构，是简单句还是
复合句，或者是强调句、倒装句。如果选用了复合句，那么要明确哪部分是主句，从句采用的形式，
是定语从句、状语从句还是其他的从句。在一个句子内，主语是什么，谓语用什么时态，是主动还
是被动，要不要虚拟语气，这些都要事先筹划好。然后动笔进行翻译。遣词造句过程中，要格外注
意一些细节问题： 1)仔细斟酌、选用最能确切表达原文意思的英文单词或词组； 2)名词的复数形式，
动词的不规则变化，主谓语的一致性： 3)单词的拼写，标点符号， 大小写，冠词的使用等。任何一
个细节注意不到都可能出错丢分。
2.灵活处理，提高把握
在翻译过程中，有时可能碰到一些英语单词不会写， 这时千万不能灰心丧气，甚至放弃整个句
子。这时可以寻找意思相近而自己熟悉的词或词组来代替。最好不要把那个词空着，更不要用汉字
去替代。
对句子的结构同样也可以灵活处理，有些没把握的结构，可以用比较有把握的结构来代替。例
如，复合句没有把握，可以用两个简单句来表示；分词做状语没有把握，可以用状语从句来代替等
等。比如：这个由10人组成的委员会一致支持这一决定。
The panel/committee/board consisting of /
which was composed of
which was made up of
which consist of
10 members supported the decision with one voice /all supported the decision .
3.注意书写和卷面整洁
这个问题本来可以不提，但常常被考生忽略。有的考生在考试中信手写来， 一些不良的书写习
惯也带了进来，例如"r""V" ，不分，"i" "l",不分 …… ，有的常常遗忘标点符号，从而造成不必要的丢
分。
在对此题进行备考复习时，首先对以往做过的"汉译英"作业进行复习，特别是作业中的错误之
处，要进行思考，以求提高水平和技巧。
其余的，则可和总复习一起进行，如语法复习、课文复习、单词复习等。但在复习过程中，对
一些重点句、重点语法现象，除了记忆之外也要往“汉译英'这方面想一想，自己给自己提问题：若要
考汉译英，这部分可能出什么类型题？这样就会印象更深。
从最近几年的考试情况来看，汉译英主要包括定语从句、形容词或副词的比较级、被动语态、 虚
拟语气、 it 作形式主语或形式宾语、强调句型等。当然， 汉译英的目的是将汉语的句意用规范的英
语表达出来，用什么语法结构和词语是手段问题，只要译文的句意与原文一致，不出现重大的语法
错误，拼写正确，就符合翻译的要求。
五、英译汉(Translation from English into Chinese)应试技巧
1.准确理解
1)了解英汉表达手段的重大差别
A)英语习惯用被动语态，而汉语习惯用主动语态。汉语句子时常没有主语，而英语句子除了个
别特殊情况(如祈使句、感叹句)以外， 不能没有主语。所以， 在翻译时， －定要把握英汉两种语
言的不同表达习惯，既要忠实于原文，又要符合汉语的表达习惯。
例如： Something must be done to protect our environment from further pollution.
(必须采取措施，使我们的环境免受进一步的污染。)
B)英语习惯用从句(长句)，而汉语习惯用单句(短句)。在考试中要善于运用分译法，用汉语
(
的短句来表达英语长句的内容。
例如: In warmer areas primitive man could use branches to make a framework which be then covered
with leaves.
(在气候较为温暖的地方，原始人类能用树枝搭建屋架，外面用树叶遮盖。 )
C)英语习惯用名词表示行为动作，汉语则往往相反。
例如： He paid a visit to an exhibition of advanced science and technology on Sunday.
(星期天他参观了一个高科技展览。)
D)表达时间、空间时，英语习惯先小后大，汉语则往往相反。
例如： He was born in an out -of- way mountain village in South China at 2 a.m .on May6 ，1968.
(他于1968年五月六日凌晨两点出生于中国南部一个偏僻的小山村里。)
2)通过语境吃透全文
词语的理解离不开上下文，这是我们在翻译中必须时刻牢记的一条。英语中一词一义的情况极
为罕见， 只有通过上下文才能了解单词的确切的含义。在翻译中，要特别注意以下三个问题：
A)认真把握多义词在语境中的特定含义
例如： What you said sound reasonable. (你的话听起来有道理。)
His father gave him a sound beating 。(他爸爸痛打他一顿。)
B)注意习惯用语的理解
英语历史悠久，拥有极为丰富的习语，对习语的掌握程度往往决定一个学习者的真实语言水平。
因而，考试经常涉及这方面的内容。，例如：
I know this fellow from A to Z. (这家伙我非常了解。)
C)确定代词在上下文中的指代关系
代词的理解更是离不开一定的语境 。代词、代名词或者代动词在句中指代的是什么只有在特定
的语境中才能确定。对于代词的考查是英译汉常考之内容。在翻译中， 有时代词只是照字面译为 "
这、那"是远远不够的，须将起代替的部分加以重述。
We have 365 days in a year. (一年有365天。)
A big nation had its problems ，a small nation has its advantages . (大国有大国的问题，小国有小国
的有利条件。)
2.翻译技巧
1)词类的转 译
名词、动词、形容词往往根据需要转译为其他词类。例如：
My admiration for him grew more . (我对他越来越敬佩。) (n.- v.)
He acted as if he were a teacher. (他的举止像个教师。) (v.- n. )
Man differs from animals in that he is able to speak (人类与动物的区别在于他会讲话。(v -n )
The new treaty would be good for ten years. (新条约有效期为十年。) ( adj- n. )
2)词的增补
在翻译过程中，经常遇到这种情况：英文原文中某些词语，无法用一般字典中相对应的汉语释
义表达出来。翻译时考生应根据原文的意思，活用字典，用地道的汉语表达出来。有时要根据英语
动词时态形式增补时间修饰语，有时要增补原文中的省略部分， 有时要把代词还原为所指的对象，
有时要增补连接词以加强修辞效果。例如：
They are working on my bike. (他们正在修理我的自行车。)
He remained though he was badly ill. (虽然病得很重，但是他还是留了下来。)
We found him at his book in the library. (我们发现他在图书馆看书。)
3)定语从句的翻译
英语和汉语的定语都有前置、后置之分。但不同的是：英语以定语后置为主：汉语则以前置为
(
主，极少用后置。所以在翻译过程中，后置定语的翻译是一大难题，尤其是定语从句的翻译。通常
有两种译法：一是译作前置定语；一是采用分译法。
限制性定语从句一般可按前置修饰语译作". .. 的"。
例如； This is the reason why an airplane sometimes must taxi a long way before taking off.
(这就是为什么飞机在起飞之前有时必须滑行一段长路的原因。)
非限制性定语从句大多在句中起补充说明的作用，翻译时不改变其语序，而是根据其作用区别
处理，有时通过重复先行词将定语从句译为并列句或独立句，有时加上连接词语，译为转折、目的、
结果、原因、让步.、条件、时间等状语从句。
例如： In Southern France a solar furnace has been built ，where temperature reach more than3,000
centigrade (在法国南部己经建造了一座太阳炉，炉温高达摄氏3000度以上。)
Copper ，which is used so widely for carrying electricity ，offers very little resistance.
(铜的电阻很小，所以非常广泛地用来输电。)
3.做题步骤
考生要遵循三个基本要求，即"忠实、通顺、易懂"。译文要力求忠实原文， 能直译则直译。也
就是说如果直译出来的汉语通顺就直译， 不便于直译的英语句子在处理时， 要力求在忠实于原文的
基础上， 使译文通顺。
英译汉做题的步骤应该是：
1)了解段落大意.
通过把握主题段或主题句快速了解短文的主题思想，理解对于翻译短文是相当重要的，先思考，
再动笔，不要反复涂改。有的考生往往是拿到试卷就开始翻译， "只见树木不见森林"，等译不下去
了再回读，那样做既费时间又影响情绪。
2)理解和表达.
这是英译汉应试中的实质性阶段。鉴于试题具有一定的难度，尤其是长句的翻译，要在准确理
解的基础上，按照汉语的表达习惯， 用地道的汉语表达出来。
3)校改
校改是一个不可缺少的环节。考试过程中，考生不能像平时那样从容不迫， 初译时往往侧重于
理解， 容易忽视译文的连贯性，从而译出英语式的汉语句子。所以，译完后要回过来看一看译文是
否通顺连贯。还有一个不可忽略的问题是书写，一份整洁的答卷会取悦于判卷老师，也等于成功了
一半。
下列各词的原形、过去式、过去分词都不一样
中文
出现，升
1
起
2 开始
3 吹
原形动词
arise
begin
blow
过去式
arose
began
blew
过去分词
arisen
begun
blown
(
4 打断
5 选择
6 做
7 画
8 喝
开车,驾
9
驶
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
吃
落下
飞
冻结
给
去
长大
知道
1误解,弄
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
错
成长速
度超
骑
响铃
上升
看
摇
唱
2下沉，沉
6
2
7
2
break
choose
do
draw
drink
drive
eat
fall
fly
freeze
give
go
grow
know
mistake
outgrow
ride
ring
rise
see
shake
sing
sink
speak
steal
broke
chose
did
drew
drank
drove
ate
fell
flew
froze
gave
went
grew
knew
mistook
outgrew
rode
rang
rose
saw
shook
sang
sank
spoke
stole
broken
chosen
done
drawn
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
flown
frozen
given
gone
grown
known
mistaken
outgrown
ridden
rung
risen
seen
shaken
sung
sunk
spoken
stolen
没
说
偷
(
8
2 发誓
9
3 游泳
0
3 拿
1
3
撕，扯破
2
3 扔
3
3 穿
4
3 写
5
swear
swim
take
tear
throw
wear
write
swore
swam
took
tore
threw
wore
wrote
sworn
swum
taken
torn
thrown
worn
written
3
6
3
7
3
8
3
9
4
0
4
1
4
2
4
3
4
4
4
5
4
6
4
7
4
8
4
现在分词为： writing
以下各词过去式与过去分词相同
bent
bound
brought
built
bought
caught
dug
fed
felt
found
fought
had
heard
held
bent
bound
brought
built
bought
caught
dug
fed
felt
found
fought
had
heard
held
bend
bind
bring
build
buy
catch
dig
feed
feel
find
fight
have
hear
hold
弯曲
捆
带来
建造
买
抓住
挖
喂
觉得
找到
打仗
有
听
抓 拿
(
9
5
0
5
1
5
2
5
3
5
4
5
5
5
6
5
7
5
8
保持
放
领导
离开
借出
丢失
制做
意思是
遇见
5误解，误
9
6
0
6
1
6
2
6
3
6
4
6
5
6
6
6
7
6
8
6
9
7
0
7
会
恐慌
付钱
说
寻求
卖
送
射击
坐
睡
花费
站
扫
keep
lay
lead
leave
lend
lose
make
mean
meet
misunderstand
panic
pay
say
seek
sell
send
shoot
sit
sleep
spend
stand
sweep
kept
laid
led
left
lent
lost
made
meant
met
misunderstood
panicked
paid
said
sought
sold
sent
shot
sat
slept
spent
stood
swept
kept
laid
led
left
lent
lost
made
meant
met
misunderstood
panicked
paid
said
sought
sold
sent
shot
sat
slept
spent
stood
swept
(
1
7
2
7
3
7
4
7
5
7
6
7
7
教
告诉
想
知道
哭泣
赢
teach
tell
think
understand
weep
win
taught
told
thought
understood
wept
won
taught
told
thought
understood
wept
won
7
吹风，绕
8
wind
wound
wound
下列各词的原形、过去式、过去分词都一样
7 爆炸
9
8 投 扔
0
8价值 花
1 费
8 切
2
8 打击
3
8 伤害
4
8
5
8
6
8
7
8
8
8
9
9
0
9
1
9
2
让
放
读
流出
关闭
分离
伸开
插 刺
burst
cast
cost
cut
hit
hurt
let
put
read
shed
shut
split
spread
thrust
burst
cast
cost
cut
hit
hurt
let
put
read
shed
shut
split
spread
thrust
burst
cast
cost
cut
hit
hurt
let
put
read
shed
shut
split
spread
thrust
(
9弄翻 心
3 烦
upset
upset
upset
94
95
96
97
98
变得
成为
来
跑
击打
忍受
出生
99 咬
10 忘记
0
10 得到
1
10 躲藏
2
10 证实
3
10 缝
4
10 出示
5 展示
10 打击
6
10 唤醒
7
10 打赌
8
10 广播
9
11 燃烧
0
11 做梦
1
11 适合
2
11 *处死
3
11 悬挂
3
11 倾斜
下列各词的原形和过去分词相同
become
come
run
97、98是特殊变化
beaten
born / borne
98以后各词的过去式或过去分词为两可型
bite
forget
get
hide
prove
sew
show
strike
awake
bit
forgot
got
hid
proved
sewed
showed
struck
awoke /
awaked
bit / bitten
forgot/ forgotten
got / gotten
hid / hidden
proved / proven
sewed / sewn
showed / shown
struck / stricken
awoke / awaked
bet / betted
betbet / betted
broadcast/ bbroadcast/ broadcas
b r o a d c a s t
roadcasted ted
burnt /
b u r n
burned
dreamt/ drea
dream
med
fitfit / fitted
hang hanged
hang hung
lean leant /
burnt / burned
dreamt / dreamed
fit / fitted
hanged
hung
leant / leaned
became
came
ran
beat
bore
become
come
run
beat
bear
4
11
5
11
6
11
6
11
7
11
8
11
9
12
0
12
1
12
2
12
3
12
4
leaned
learn
lie
lie
learnt /
learned
lied
lay
learnt / learned
lied
lain
ridrid / ridded
rid / ridded
shine
smell
speed
spell
spill
shined /
shone
smelled /
smelt
sped
/ speeded
spelt /
spelled
spilt /
spilled
shined / shone
smelled / smelt
sped /
speeded spelt /
spelled
spilt / spilled
wakewoke / wakedwoke /waked / woken
wetwet / wetted wet / wetted
附录三 词组表
词组按照第一个词的字母顺序排列.动词不定式前的符号 to 均略去,形容词前面也不加系动词 be
A
1.a few 几个
2.a good deal 许多
3.a good many 许多
4.a great amount of 大量的
5.a great deal 大量的
6.a great many 很多
学习
*撒谎
躺
摆脱
发光
嗅 ,
闻
加速
拼写
溢出
醒
弄湿
(
7.a little 一些，一点点
8.a lot of 许多，大量的
9.a number of 若干，许多
10.a variety of 种种，若干不同的
11.above all 首先，首要
12.according to 根据
13.after all 毕竟，终究
14.ahead of 在...前
15.all at once 突然
16.all but 几乎，差一点，除了...都
17.all in all 总的说来
18.all of a sudden 突然
19.all over 到处，遍及
20.all right 行，可以
21.all the better 更好，愈加
22.all the more 更加，愈加
23.all the same 仍然，尽管如此
24.all the time 一直，始终
25.all together 同时，一起
26.along with 与...一道，与... 同时
27.among other things 除了其他方面，此外
28.and so forth 等等
29.and so on 等等
30.and the like 等等，诸如此类
31.anything but 除...外什么都
32.apart from 除去，撇开，除...之外
33.as a matter of fact 事实上， 其实
34.as a result 作为结果，因此(插入语)
35.as a result of 作为... 的结果
36.as a rule 通常，一般来说
37.as a whole 总的来说，作为一个整体
38.as far as 就...而言，至于
39.as far as …be concerned 就...而言
40.as follows 如下
41.as for 至于，关于
42.as if 好像，似乎，仿佛
43.as long as 只要，如果，既然，由于
44.as regards 在...方面，关于
45.as soon as 一 ...就
46.as such 像这样的，就这点而论
47.as though 好像，似乎，仿佛
48.as to 至于，关于
49.as usual 照理，像平常一样
50.as well 也，又， 同样地
51.as well as 除...之外(也)，既...又
52.as yet 到目前为止，到当时为止
53.aside from 此外，除...还有
54.at a disadvantage 处于不利地位
55.at a guess 凭猜测
56.at a loss 困惑不解，茫然不知所措
57.at a stretch 连续不断地
58.at a time 同时，一次
59.at all 丝毫(不)，一点(不)
60.at all costs 无论如何，不惜任何代价
61.at all events 不管怎样，无论如何
62.at all times 时常，有时
63.at any rate 无论如何，至少
64.at best 最多，充其量
65.at ease 舒适
66.at first 起初，最初
67.at first sight 一眼看去
68.at first thought 乍一想
69.at hand 在附近， 近在手头
70.at intervals 不时，处处
71.at large 普遍地， 一般地，自由地
72.at last 最终，终于
73.at least 至少，起码，无论如何
74.at length 终于，详细的
75.at most 至多，不超过
76.at no time 从不，决不
77.at once 立刻
78.at present 现在，目前
79.at one time 曾经，有一时期
80.at random 随机地， 任意地
81.at sea 在海上， 在航海中，迷惑，茫然
82.at what 而且
83.at the cost of 以... 为代价
84.at the mercy of 受...支配，
受...控制
85.at the moment 此刻，目前
86.at the rate of 以...速度或比率
87.at the same time 同时，然而，不过
88.at the sight of 一看见就
89.at times 有时候
B
1.back and forth 来回地， 反复地
2.back up 支持
3.bear … in mind 记住
4.because of 因为, 由于
5.before long 不久
6.long before 很久以前
7.beyond (all) doubt 无疑
8.beyond question 毫无问题,无可争辩
9.both …and (两者)都
10.break away 破除,脱离
11.break down 把 …分解为
12.break in 打断(说话),闯进
13.break into 强行进入
14.break … into 分成(部分)
15.break off 弄断,打断
16.break out 突然发生,爆发
17.break through 突破,打通
18.break up 打碎, 结束,驱散,散开,分解
19.bring …into effect 使 … 发生作用
20.bring …into play 发挥,发扬,调动(积极性等)
21.bring about 带来,造成,引起
22.bring down 降低,减少,击落
23.bring forward 提出(建议论据等)把 …提前
24.bring out 使显现,显示, 生产,使产生
25.bring over 把 … 带来,使转变
26.bring up 抚养
27.build up 建立,增强
28.but for 倘没有,要不是
29.by accident 偶然地
30.by all means 尽一切办法
31.by and by 不久,迟早
32.by chance 偶然
33.by far 最, …得多
34.by hand 用手,用体力
35.by means of 通过,利用,用 …
36.by mistake 错误地
37.by nature 生来,天生,就其本性而言
38.by no means 决不
39.by reason of 由于
40.by the way 顺便(说),附带地说
41.by virtue of 借助, 由于
42.by way of 经过,经由,通过 …方法
C
1.call for 要求；邀请
2.call off 取消
3.call on 拜访，访问
4.call up 打电话； 召集；使想起
5.can not help but 禁不住
6.carry on 经营；进行；继续
7.care for 照顾；喜欢
8.carry off 拿走
9.carry out 执行，贯彻；进行到底
10.carry over 延期；运输
11.catch one's breath 喘息；屏息
12.catch one's eye 引人注目
13.catch sight of 看见，发现
14.catch up with 赶上
15.check in 办理登记手续
16.check out 办理结帐手续
17.cheer up 高兴，振作起来
18.chear up 清理
19.come about 发生
20.come around 顺便过来
21.come into force 开始有效
22.come into play 开始起作用
23.come into power 上台；开始掌权
24.come off 从 …离开；进行
25.come on 来吧
26.come out 出版，发表
27.come round 顺便过来
28.come though 经历
29.come to 苏醒，共计
30.come to terms with 达成协议
31.come true 实现
32.come up 出现
33.come up against 碰到
34.come up to 达到
35.come up with 追上，提出
36.comment on 对 …评论
37.concerned with 关于；涉及；忙于；关心；关切
38.contrary to 与 …相反
39.convict …of 证明 …有罪，宣判 …有罪
40.cope with 对付；处理
41.count on/upon 指望，依靠
42.cover up 掩饰，掩护
43.cut down on 减少对 …之消耗量
44.cut in 打断，插嘴
45.cut off 切去，割掉；切断；使孤立
46.cut out 删掉
47.cut short 缩短，打断 …(谈话)
D
1.day by day 日复一日
2.deal with 对待，处理
3.die down 枯萎，凋谢
4.die out 消失，灭绝
5.dig into 深入钻研
6.dig out 发掘出， 发现
7.do away with 废除
8.do one's best 尽全力； 尽量
9.do with 处理；忍受
10.do without 没有 …也行，将就
11.draw in 进站
12.draw on 吸收；依靠；临近
13.draw up 起草，制订
14.drop by 顺便访问
15.drop in 顺便访问
16.drop off 减弱
17.drop out 退出
18.due to 因为
E
1.each other 彼此
2.either … or 或者 …或者，不是 …就是
3.end in 以 … 告终
4.end up 结束
5.even if 即使
6.even though 即使
7.every now and then 时时，不时的
8.every other 每隔一个
9.except for 除了 …外；除去；撇开
F
1.face to face 面对面
2.fall apart 四分五裂；崩溃
3.fall back on 依靠，求助于
4.fall by the way 半途而废，中途退出
5.fall in with 偶尔遇到；同意
6.fall out 脱落
7.far from 远非，离 … 很远
8.feel like 喜欢
9.feel bitter at 对 … 怀恨
10.figure out 弄清楚， 算出
11.fill in 填空，填写
12.fill out 填空，填好
13.find fault (with) 找茬，挑错
14.first of all 首先，第一
15.for a moment 一会儿
16.for ever 永远
17.for ever and ever 永远
18.for good 永远
19.for example 举例，例如
20.for instance 例如，比如
21.for noting 无故地， 白白地
22.for one reason or another 因某种理由
19.for example 举例，例如
20.for instance 例如，比如
21.for noting 无故地， 白白地
22.for one reason or another 因某种理由
23.for short 简称，缩写
24.for some reason (or other)由于种种原因
25.for the moment 目前，现在
26.for the most part 在很大程度上，多半
27.for the present 目前，暂时
28.for the sake of 为了 … 的目的， 为了 …好处
29.for the time being 目前，当时
30.free from 没有 … 的，不受 … 的
31.from behind 从...后面
32.from now on 从现在起
33.from then on 从那时起
34.from time to time 时时，不时地
35.from under 从下面
36.from within 从里面
G
1.get across 使 … 穿过，渡过
2.get along 有进展
3.get along with 在 … 有进展， 与… 交往
4.get at 获得，领会
5.get away 离开，逃脱
6.get by 从 …走过，从 …通过
7.get down 下来，写，记下
8.get down to 认真对待
9.get hold of 抓住，理解
10.get in 进入
11.get into 进入 … 状态，研究
12.get off 起飞，离开
13.get on 获得进展
14.get on with 在 …获得成功，于 … 友好相处
15.get out 离去，退出
16.get over 克服困难，从(疾病中)恢复过来
17.get rid of 除去，摆脱
18.get the better of 胜过
19.get through 结束，通过
20.get together 聚集一起
21.get up 起床，站起来
22.give away 分配，颁发
23.give back 归还，送回
24.give full play to 充分发挥
25.give in 屈服，让步
26.give off 发出(光，气体等)
27.give out 用尽，用完
28.give rise to 产生
29.give up 放弃
30.give way 让步，让路
31.go after 追逐，追求
32.go ahead 开始，进行
33.go along with 赞同，附和，支持
34.go around (消息等)流传
35.go in for 从事，以 … 为兴趣， 爱好
36.go into 进入，调查
37.go off 爆炸
38.go on 进行，继续
39 go over 越过，仔细检查
39.go through 经过，经历，审查
40.go without 没有 …也行
41.go wrong 出毛病
H
1.had better 应该，还是 …好
2.had rather 宁肯，宁愿
3.had rather …than 宁肯 … 也不愿
4.hand down 把 … 留下来
5.hand in 交来，交上
6.hand on 依次传递
7.hand on to 把 …传递给
8.hand out 分发
9.hand over 交出，转交
10.hang on 抓住不放，(电话不挂)等一会儿
11.hang up 把 …挂起来， 挂断(电话)，延迟， 拖延
12.have …in mind 记住 … ,考虑到
13.have an advantage over 胜于，优于
14.have an edge 具有优势
15.have nothing to do with 与 …无关
16.have …at heart 对 …甚为关心
17.head for 朝 … 方向走去
18.heart and soul 全心全意地，全身心地
19.hold back 退缩，阻止
20.hold on 坚持，继续
21.hold on to 抓住，抓牢
22.hold out 维持，坚持
23.hold up 举起，提出
24.hurry up 匆匆完成
I
1.if only 只要 …就好了
2.in a hurry 匆匆，匆忙
3.in a moment 立即，立刻
4.in a sense 在某种意义上
5.in a way 在一定程度上
6.in a word 简而言之
7.in accordance with 与 …一致，依照，根据
8 in addition 另外，加之
9 in addition to 加之，除 …之外，并且
8 in addition 另外，加之
9 in addition to 加之，除 …之外，并且
8.in advance 在前面， 预先，事先
9.in all probability 十分可能，多半
10.in any case 无论如何，不管怎样
11.in any event 无论如何，不管怎样
12.in between 在中间， 每间隔，在 …期间
13.in case 若，万一，如果
14.in case of 假如，防备
15.in charge of 负责，主管
16.in common(with)与 …共同，与 …一样
17.in conclusion 最后，在结束时
18.in consequence 因此，结果
19.in consequence of 由于
20.in contrast 成对比
21.in contrast to 和 … 成对照
22.in contrast with 和 …成对照
25.in debt 负债
26.in depth 深入地
27.in detail 详细地
28.in due course 在适当的时候
29.in due time 在适当的时候
30.in effect 实质上， 实际上，有效
31.in fact 实际上
32.in favour of 赞成，支持，有利于
33.in front of 在 … 前面
34.in general 一般说来
35.in hand 手头上有
36.in hono(u)r of 为纪念， 为庆祝
37.in large measure 很，大半，大部分
38.in (the) light of 根据
39.in line with 与 …相一致
40.in memory of 纪念
41.in need of 需要
42.in no case 决不
43.in no time 立即，马上
44.in no way 决不
45.in one's mind's eye 在 … 脑海里
46.in order that 为了
47.in order to(+inf.)为了
48.in other words 换句话说，也就是说
49.in part 部分地， 在某种程度上
50.in particular 特别，尤其
51.in passing 顺便
52.in person 亲自
53.in place of 代替
54.in power 掌权的， 执政的
55.in practice 实际上
56.in proportion to 与 …成比例
57.in public 公开地
58.in pursuit of 追求，寻求
59.in quantity 大量地
60.in question 正在被谈论，被争论， 成问题
61.in reality 实际上， 事实上
62.in regard to 关于
63.in relation to 有关，涉及
64.in return 作为报答
65.in return (for)报答，回报
66.in search of 寻找，寻求
67.in series 串联电路的，成串联的
68.in short 简言之
69.in sight 在视线之内
70.in spite of 尽管，虽然
71.in step (with)与 … 同步
72.in terms of 根据，按照，在 … 方面
73.in that 在于，原因是
74.in the end 最终，终于
75.in the event of 万一
76.in the face of 在 …面前，当着 … 的面，不顾
77.in the final analysis 归根结底
78.in the first place 首先
79.in the last analysis 归根结底
80.in the least (用于否定句)一点， 丝毫
81.in the long run 从长计议，从长远来看
82.in the meantime 在此期间，与此同时
83.in the running 参赛，参加竞选
84.in the short run 短期看来
85.in the strict sense 在严格的意义上
86.in the way 挡住路， 碍事
87.in time 及时，终于
88.in touch 与 …联系
89.in turn 依次，轮流， 反过来
90.in unison(with)与 …完全一致
91.in vain 无效地， 无结果地，徒然
92.in view of 鉴于，考虑到
93.inasmuch as 因为，由于
94.in so far as 在 … 范围内， 到 …程度
95.instead of 代替，而不是
K
1.keep off 挡住，防止进入，不进入
2.keep on 继续，保持
3.keep …out 防止，不让 …入内
4.keep one's word 守信用
5.keep pace (with)跟上 …步伐
6.keep to 坚持，固守(习惯)
7.keep up 赶上，不落后，遵守， 继续，保持
L
1.last but not least 最后但并不是最不重要的(一点)
2.lay aside 搁置一旁
3.lay down 铺设，规定
4.lay off 划分
5.lay out 安排，设计，展开
6.learn by heart 记住，背诵
7.learn by rote 死记硬背
8.leave alone 不管，听其自然
9.leave behind 丢弃，留下
10.leave off 停止
11.leave out 遗漏，省略
12.let alone 不打扰， 更别提
13.let go (of)松手放开
14.let off 排放，开枪，开炮
15.let out 放掉，发出
16.line up 排队，排成一行
17.little by little 一点一点地，逐渐地
18.live on 靠 … 生活
19.live up to 符合，达到 …要求
20.look after 照看，目送，寻求
21.look at 看着，对待
22.look back 回头看， 回顾
23.look down on/upon 轻视
24.look for 寻找，寻求
25.look forward to 向前看， 期待，预料
26.look into 观察，调查
27.look on 旁观，观看
28.look out 留神，注意
29.look over 仔细察看，巡视
30.look through 浏览，详细核查
31.look up 向上看,(在字典中)查找，向上看
32.lose heart 灰心，泄气
33.lose sight (of)看不见， 忽略
34.lots of 很多
M
1.make a difference between 区别
2.make a guess at 猜测
3.make certain 弄确实,查明;确信
4.make for 有助于,有利
5.make fun of 嘲弄
6.make one's way 前进
7.make out 弄清,认出
8.make over 转让,移交;改造,重做
9.make sense 讲得通,有意义
10.make sure 弄确实,查明;确信
11.make the best of 充分利用
12.make the most of 充分利用
13.make up 组成,构成;编造;化妆
14.make up for 补偿,弥补
15.make up one's mind 下定决心
16.make use of 利用
17.make away 前进,获得成就
18.make way for 让路给 …
19.many a 许多
20.mistake … for 错把 … 当做 …
21.more or less 或多或少
N
1.needless to say 不用说
2.neither …nor 既不 …也不
3.no less than 不少于
4.no longer 不再
5.no matter how
(what,who,when,where,whether/if)不论怎样(什么，谁， 何时，何处， 是否)
6.no more ( … ) than 至多，不多于，仅仅
7.no other …than 除 …外没有， 只有，正是， 就是，
8.no sooner …than 一 …就
9.none other than 不是别的 …而正是
10.not (never) for a moment 决不，从来没有
11.not only … but(also)不仅 …而且
12.not so much … as 与其 …不如
13.not that 并不是说
14.not that …but that 不是因为 … ，而是因为
15.nothing but 只有，只不过
16.now and then 时而，不时
17.now that 既然，由于
O
1.of course 当然
2.of late 近来
3.of little account 不重要的,价值不大的
4.of no avail 无效,无用
5.of on's own accord 自愿
6.of… importance 有 …重要性
7.of…value 有 …价值
8.off and on 不时,断断续续地, 间歇地
9.off duty 下班
10.on (an) average 平均
11.on account of 由于, 因为
12.on and off 不时,断断续续地, 间歇地
13.on any account 无论如何
14.on behalf of 代表
15.on board 在船(车,飞机)上
16.on business 因事, 因公
17.on condition that 如果,在 … 条件下
18.on earth 究竟,到底
19.on hand 在手头,在近处,现有
20.on no account 决不
21.on occasion 有时, 间或
22.on one's head 归罪于某人,(责任)落到某人身上
23.on one's own 靠自己,独立完成
24.on purpose 故意地
25.on sale 出售,廉价出售
26.on schedule 按计划
27.on second thoughts 再次考虑,仔细考虑
28.on the average 平均
29.on the contrary 相反地
30.on the ground(s) of 根据
31.on the (one) hand 一方面
32.on the other hand 另一方面
33.on the part of 就 … 而言
34.on the point of 就要 … 的时候
35.on the spot 在现场, 当场
36.on the whole 整体来看, 总的来说
37.on time 准时
38.once (and) for all 一劳永逸地,永远地
39.once again 再次
40.once in a while 偶尔
41.once more 再一次,又一次
42.once upon a time 曾经, 以前
43.one another 彼此
44.or else 否则,不然
45.or so 大约,左右
46.other than 不同于,除了
47.out of 从,来自, 由
48.out of breath 喘不过气来
49.out of control 失控
50.out of date 过时
51.out of doors 在户外
52.out of doubt 无疑
53.out of order 出故障,秩序混乱
54.out of place 位置不当,不相称的
55.out ofpower 丧失权利
56.out of sight 看不见
57.out of step 步伐不一致;不协调
58.out of the question 不可能的,办不到的
59.out of touch 脱离接触,失去联系
60.over and above 在 …之上;在 …之外(还)
61.over and over(again)反复,一再
62.owing to 由于, 因为
P
1.pass away 去世
2.pass on 把 …传给别人
3.pay attention to 注意
4.pay back 偿还, 回报
5.pay off 还清(债务);取得成功
6.pick out 挑出,拣出;辨认出
7.pick up 拾起;(中途)搭车;学会
8.play …part 起…作用
9.play into sb's hands 为某人谋方便;有利于某人
10.play …role 起…作用
11.plenty of 大量的;丰富的
12.point of view 观察点;观点
13.prior to 在 …前,先于
14.pro or con 正面或反面的理由;赞成或反对
15.provided that 假如,在 … 条件下
16.pull down 拆除,推翻
17.pull in (车)进站,(船)到岸
18.pull out 抽出;(车,船)驶出
19.pull up 提出;插入;实行
20.put an end to 结束,终止,废除
21.put aside 放在一边,撇开;储存
22.put down 放下,记下;镇压
23.put forward 提出
24.put in 花费,付出
25.put into effect 实施
26.put into operation 实施
27.put into practice 实施
28.put off 延期;消除
29.put on 穿上,戴上;上演
30.put out 扑灭;关灯;公布, 出版
31.put to use 使用
32.put up 举起;建造;张贴
33.put up with 忍受
Q
1.Quite a few 不少，相当多
R
1.rather than 与其 …(不如);不是 …(而是)
2.regardless of 不顾;不管
3.result from 由 … 造成
4.result in 导致,产生
5 right away 立即,马上
6 run into 偶然碰上;遇到(困难);共计
7 run out (of)用光
8 run over 跑过去;撞倒;溢出
9 run through 刺穿,贯穿
S
1.set … off 送别,送行
2.see …through 看透,看穿
3.see to 负责,注意,照料
4.send for 派人去请;召唤;索取
5.send in 递送;呈交,提交
6.send off 寄出;为 …送行;解雇
7.serve as 用作
8.set about 开始,着手
9.set apart 使分离;使显得突出
10.set aside 搁置一旁;留出,拨出
11.set back 推迟;阻碍
12.set down 记下
13.set free 释放
14.set off 出发;激起,引起
15.set out 动身,启程;开始
16.set up 建立,树立,创立
17.settle down 定居;沉淀
18.side by side 一起,肩并肩地
19.sit down on 反对
20.slow down 减速
21.so as to (+inf.)以便
22.so …as to (+inf.)这样 … 以致
23.so far 迄今为止;就此范围来说
24.so far as …be concerned 就 …而论
25.so far as …know(s)就某人所知
26.so long as 假如;只要
27.so that 为了, 以便
28.sooner or later 迟早;终归
29.stand for 代表;主张,支持
30.stand out 突出, 引人注目
31.stand up to 抵制,抵抗
32.stand up for 支持,为 …辩护
33.step by step 一步一步地,逐步地
34.stick to 坚持,忠于;紧随
35.stick with 坚持;继续
36.straight away 立即
37.such as 例如,诸如
38.sum up 总结,概括
(
T
1.take advantage of 利用, 占 …便宜
2.take after 与(父母)相象
3.take apart 拆开,拆卸
4.take care of 照管
5.take charge 开始管理;接管
6.take (a) delight in 以 … 为乐
7.take down 取下,记下;拆开
8.take in 欺骗,愚弄;领会,理解
9.take effect 生效,起作用
10.take …for granted 认为 …理所当然
11.take …into account 考虑
12.take on 具有;担任(工作等);雇佣
13.take one's time 不着急,不慌忙
14.take over 接管,接任;把 …从 … 处运到另一处
15.take part (in)参加
16.take place 发生
17.take the place of 代替
18.take the trouble to (+inf.)不辞劳苦,费力
19.take to 开始从事;养成 … 的习惯;培养
20.take turns 依次,轮流
21.take up 开始从事;占据
22.thanks to 由于
23.that is 也就是说, 即
24.that is to say 也就是说
25.the instant (that)一 …就
26.the moment (that)一 …就
27.the same as 与 …一样
28.think of 想起;考虑;关心
29.think of…as 认为 … 是
30.think over 仔细考虑
31.throw away 仍掉,抛弃
32.throw doubt on/upon 对 …产生怀疑
33.throw off 仍掉;摆脱
34.throw light on/upon 阐明
35.time and again 一再
36.to advantage 有利地,有效地
37.to excess 过分,过度,过量
38.to no avail 完全无用,毫无效果
39.to the advantage of 对 …有利
40.to the best of 就 …所及
41.to the fore 在前面,到前面;在显著地位
42.to the point of 到 …程度
43.to the point that 到 …程度
44.to …degree 达到…程度
45.touch on./upon 触及,涉及
46.true of 符合于 … ,对 …适用
47.try on 试穿(衣服)
48.try one's best 尽力而为
49.try out 试用,试验
50.tune in (to)调谐,收听(电台)
51.turn down 翻下;调小或调低;拒绝
52.turn in 上交,交还
53.turn loose 放开,释放;听凭,放纵
54.turn off 关掉(灯,水管等);拐弯
55.turn on 打开(灯,水管等)
56.turn out 关掉(收音机,灯等);生产,制造;驱逐;结果是
57.turn out (to be)结果(是)
58.turn over 仔细考虑
59.turn to 转向,求助于
60.turn up 出现, 出席,来到;开大,调大(灯火等)
U
1.unaware of 不知道 … ,没觉察到 …
2.under way 进行中
3.up to 多达;直到;取决于,决定于
4.up to date 最新的,新式的;切合目前情况的
5.upside down 颠倒,倒置
6.use up 用完,耗尽
W
1.wait for 等待
2.wait on 服侍
3.warm up 热身,使暖起来
4.watch out (for)密切注意
5.watch over 看守,照管,监视
6.wear out 穿破,用坏;耗尽;(使)疲乏
7.what about …? (征求意见时用语)怎么样?
8.what if…?如果 …将会怎么样?
9.whether …or 不管是 …还是
10.wipe out 消灭
11.with a view to 以 … 为目的
12.with a (the) view of 以 … 为目的
13.with a view towards (to)以 … 为目的
14.with regard to 关于,对于
15.with relevance to 与 …有关
16.with respect to 关于,至于
17.with the exception of 除了 … , 除 …之外
18.without question 毫无疑问
19.word for word 逐字地
20.work at 从事,致力于
21.work on 从事;对 …有影响
22.work out 作出;制定出
23.work up 详细研究;引起,激起
24.work with 对 …行得通,对 …起作用
25.would rather 宁可,宁愿
26.would rather …than 宁愿 …而不
Y
1.year in and year out 一年一年地,年复一年
